Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems Essay Example for Free

infirmary Consumer appraisal of Healthc atomic number 18 Providers and Systems EssayAbstractHospital Consumer Assessment of health care Providers and Systems or also called as HCAHPS is a too and gadget for measuring and evaluating the amount of contentment and satisfaction a hospital has given to a patient. The results of these HCAHPS sees help all hospitals across the artless and the world by providing data about the preferences of patients and the quality of healthcare, operations and activities that they prefer. The information taken from these surveys allow be make earth, thus providing more information to the people and to the hospitals. Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems presents a standard level of hospital care and operation to all of the hospitals in our country and around the world.Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and SystemsThe Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems, also recognisen as H CAHPS, is a consistent, reliable and dependable survey device. It also has data collection methodology for use in objectively measuring and evaluating each of the patients perspectives of the hospital care and operation they have experienced.As of today, we know that almost all hospitals gather and collect information and data concerning patient satisfaction and contentment. Nowadays, our country has no nationwide or national standard intentional for collecting and gathering this information that will facilitate and pave way for valid comparisons and assessments to be made across all hospitals and healthcare centers in our country or any given region. To be able to make matching and equivalent assessments and comparisons to back up consumer and patient preference and inclination, it is always very oftentimes essential to bring in and introduce a new, updated and acceptable standardized measurement approach to these matters.The survey is an intensive compilation of grouped question s that can be and should be integrated with modified and customized hospital items and operations. The integration of this assessment plan will pave way for the creation of a great number and gamy level information database which will complement and help out all the given data hospitals presently bring together and organize.This is done in ordain to main(prenominal)tain a high quality internal and in-house customer service and serviceability and quality-related activities and operations. There are three extensive and general goals that have work and shaped the said survey. First of all, the HCAHPS survey is intended and planned to generate and create comparable data on patients perspectives of care. These perspectives permit objective, meaningful and unbiased comparisons between and among hospitals on any given topic, theme and/or subject matter. These subject matters, topics and themes as we all know is very significant and important to the patient and consumer. Secondly, publ ic reporting of the survey results is always planned out and agreed upon in order to produce incentives and benefits for hospitals that have been surveyed. One of the public reportings objectives is to nevertheless improve the quality of care that hospitals and healthcare centers give out to their patients. Thirdly, another objective of the public reporting is for it to serve and to develop public and community business and responsibility in health care and hospitals.This is done by overly-increasing the amount of transparency with which the quality and amount of hospital care and operations given to a patient or any person is equated in exchange for the public investment. Having all of these different goals, objectives and results in hand, the survey plan took a lot and will take a lot more of extensive, significant and noteworthy ways, .means and differentiated steps to improve, guarantee and assure the surveys credibility, reliability, usefulness, practicality and most of all f unctionality.The main survey device and toll is composed of 27 unique and differentiatied items. There are two items which is aimed to sustain and uphold congressionally-mandated reports and information. There are also 18 substantive items that encompasses critical and vital aspects of the hospital experience are given and laid out for the patient to rate and comment about. Lastly there are four items to skip patients to suitable questions and there are three items to adjust and adapt for the combination of patients across hospitals. The HCAHPS is put under the careful patronage of the Hospital Quality Alliance. This group is a private and public partnership that consists of different major hospital associations. Members of these hospital associations range from private to public companies and people.ReferencesForrester, R. B (1986). People, Healthcare and the Government. New Jersey. Aurora Publishing.Enyinna, C. O (1998). Healthcare and the Law. Utah. Victory Books Ltd.

Islam is the second religion of the book Essay Example for Free

Islam is the second religion of the book EssayIncident completelyy, the term People of the Book bugger offs from the Quran which cites both Judaism and Christianity, religions which came before Islam, as having part of its origins in the prophet of Abraham. In this, we can see a respect for the other religions a respect which is lost on the perception of a vocal minority of Muslims and as a result, a perception that Muslims hate all other religions. This is false and dangerous assumption for both sides.Belief in Islam requires that a convert bank in only angiotensin-converting enzyme graven image, the revelations which he has given to his hatful from his paragons, his messengers and chiefly, the prophet Mohammad whose writings from 610AD until his d corrodeh in 632 AD helped to comprise the Holy book of Quran. It is a central belief and oneness that is seen as the most important That there is no God but Allah and Mohammad is his prophet. This is required of all those wishing to consider themselves Muslims and followers of Mohammad and his teachings. There argon an estimated 1.6 billion Muslims with an annual growth rate which exceeds all other religions in the world. Muslims ar imbue all over the world but argon highly concentrated in the Middle East. Pakistan is the most heavily populated country of Muslims and even the States has an estimated seven to ten million Muslims in the country. Muslims believe that the Koran is the literal word of God and was made much(prenominal) by a visitation of the angel Gabriel to the prophet Mohammad. Angels are described in the Koran as messengers with wings. Two or three of four pairs. He adds to Creation as He pleases. This is a central belief as well as the fact that Mohammad, despite his considerableness in the religion of Islam, is non considered a deity of any kind. in make out is Jesus who, despite being highly regarded in the official teachings of the last fourteen centuries, is considered to be only a man and a prophet of Gods, although his greatness is not to exceed that of the prophet Mohammad. God is a central theme of the religion and his is referred to as God, the One and Only God, the eternal, Absolute, He begetteth not, nor is He beget and there is none like unto him. It is also a central theme of Islam the Day of Judgment. Similar to the Christian belief in predestination, many Muslims believe that people are predestined as to whether they will enter heaven or enter hell on the Day of Judgment. That is not to say that an individual does not have the freedom to choose, rather that God, from the beginning of time, knows the destination of every person who ever existed, or who will ever exist. In this fervor, the message of a complete submission to God is central as well as to the belief in Islam.Disbelief and a failure to submit to the will of God are one of the main offenses which, according to the Koran, will result in a person, on the Day of Judgment, going to he ll. The latter is one of the main appeals that individuals have for Islam as in many countries with a high population of Muslims, the vivacious conditions are less than substandard and people live a very tough existence. Lastly, one of the most important and central teachings of Islam is called the Five Pillars of Islam. There are tailfin major aspects of Islam which individuals are strongly encouraged to observe.The first is belief in Mohammad as the prophet of God and that the words of the prophet which are located in the Koran are the literal word of God. The second is requireing in the direction of Mecca, five times a day. The third is the giving of alms or charity to the pathetic and needy. The fourth is fasting during the month of Ramadan in which one must not eat or drink from dusk to dawn. The last is called the Hajj or a pilgrimage during the fourth Islamic month to Mecca at least once in their lifetime. The latter will compel millions of Muslims, sometimes two and thr ee million Muslims at a time, to go to Mecca at the same time in hallow to fulfill their last duty, or pillar of Islam. When asking Mr. Aziz close to the importance of the religion of Islam within his own life, he gave a very passionate and assured response. In the States, there is a great deal of misconception about the religion of Islam and as a Muslim it is my responsibility to live in a means that would help to dispel those myths.Although not in the same light, nor with the same amount of spotlight, it is similar to the experience that the American boxer, Joe Louis had while he was the Boxing heavyweight lead of the world. His manager was careful not to have Joe Louis portrayed in a way that would add to the misconceived stereotypes about African Americans at that time since the last African America boxer, Jack Johnson, had through with(p) the opposite and was shunned by America. When asked if he has found this to help within his own life the conception of others about hi m, his ethnicity and his religion, Mr.Aziz had a intricate response. There will always be people who will not change their opinions about the Middle East or Islam. I cant really help that. However, for three high majorities of people who make the struggle to know me, they have sometimes come out and said that they were wrong about Muslims, or at least about me. There is still a hint of racism within such sentiments. However, it is progress. Mr. Aziz then talked to me about his religion. In Islam, there are five pillars which every Muslim is expected to respect and obey these pillars.In no specific order, these five pillars are to travel to Mecca at least once in your life, to give to charity, to pray five times in the day while facing in the direction of Mecca, to fast during the Holy Months and to believe that there are no gods but Allah and that Mohammad is his messenger. The last is the most important and is what helps to connect the much than than 1. 6 billions Muslims in m ore than a hundred countries in the world, each one to the other. It is very important to all Muslims.I have not yet gone to Mecca but I hope to by the exterminate of the decade. I have not always been faithful in the completion of the other four on a daily basis as most people of faith experience a lapse in their faith and devotion. That has happened before. However, I am quick to connect the dots and to separate myself from whatever vehicle is function as an impediment to my faith. Fasting is also important. During the Holy month of Ramadan, there is to be no eating during sunlight. This is one of the most difficult of the five pillars.The contend to fast is that it will help to bring the believer closer to God through the realization that God is the supplier of everything and that nothing can be done apart from him. We eat his food and breathe his air. We use his sunlight and are stewards of his world. In similarity with God, man is so small and weak. Sometimes people close up that. Fasting helps to remind them. Mr. Aziz also prays five times a day as well as gives to charity. I wake up at 5am and pray then as well as at 8am, noon, four pm and before I go to bed at 9pm.Since I was raised to do this and to adhere to the five pillars, this has become a habit of mine and is not really difficult. I remember as a child, I rebelled a great deal towards this especially since I wanted to stay in bed. It was not until two consecutive years, did I feel its difficulty ease and I began to have intercourse it. It is also important to give to charity. This does not solely mean money. There are many people in the world who are very poor and do not have the money to give. To give to charity, or to give alms, means also to be helpful to ones neighbor.Whether it is shoveling the snow from an sr. neighbors driveway or simply just informing a person at the grocery store that they dropped their purse these all are examples of charity. Mr. Aziz also speaks to the impo rtance that his religion has towards his community. Even though here in America, there is an estimated three to seven million Muslims, there are very fewer where I live and no places of devotion. One of the reasons for the latter I believe is caused by the beliefs that the people in the surrounding towns have about Muslims and that we are all terrorists.Therefore, there have been many attempts, to diffuse any building plans for a mosque. How do you feel about that? It is discouraging to me but me and fellow Muslims meet in peoples homes in order to worship and pray. It is similar to the 1st century Christians who were barred from worshiping by the Roman authorities or the Jews who during WWII were not allowed to worship either. We are not under the same level of persecution but as these other two groups. However, it still requires some planning. It is my family and friends which help to lay a prat of faith within my life.There are few Muslims in the surrounding areas. Therefore , the friends that I do have and which commit Islam as well as my family, for more than one reason, provide a structure and foundation for me. This is very important. America does not have the same problem with their Muslim population in comparison to the troubles in Europe because we have assimilated. This is important to a degree. We do not want to become completely Americanized but in the process, love American sports and the traditions that come with this country. So we are then relegated to worship nearly in private. It is one of the prices to pay for being a Muslim in America. However, since the majority of American Muslims are doing well in America and enjoy this land, we are content to pay some of that price. We are Muslims first however and Americans second. Just as Christians have as a major aspect of their identity in which it cannot be separated from who they are, the same can be said about Muslims. The societal restrictions towards Muslims in America have eased up. H owever, as a Muslim in America, I still feel as though I am a noncitizen in a country that I immigrated to legally over twenty years ago.America has still given me more opportunities than my homeland. I just olfactory modality forward to the day when I can be truly being considered an America. If I do not live to see that day, I will be sad but I will remain happy that I have had such a rewarding and blessed life while living in America. Mr. Aziz still continues to work and to support his family. When asked about the faith of his two daughters, Mr. Aziz comments They are eight and ten years old so they are young, but not in addition young to understand some of the world around them. I hope that I can keep them from experiencing instances of racism or prejudice.I do not however, that the worst that they receive in America, is still better than what they could have hoped for in Pakistan. That is why I am hesitant to complain too loudly. I am still able to raise my children, along with my wife, in the ways that we choose. This is a great freedom that America has its religious freedom. I latterly watched a documentary on Thomas Jefferson and learned that he was instrumental in creating a foundation of religious freedom that is present in America. This happened more than two hundred years ago.Yet, I am a recipient of such actions even today. It is very amazing to me and I am very appreciative. I am proud to be an American. However, I am also proud to be a Muslim. It seems that in the past few years, especially since 9/11, such sentiments have been seen as an oxymoron. I believe that they are one in the same as America promises religious freedom to all who will practice their religion of choice without breaking the law. This is the great gift that Americas forefathers and all who help to preserve such efforts, to contemporary Americans and all who will follow.It is the effort of every Muslim, not to be swayed by the fleeting morals of a society but to hold fir m to the faith and teachings of Islam. This is what I am attempting to do. I have not always been successful and have travel away from my faith from time to time. It is important, just like with anything in life, that once somebody has fallen short of their personal expectations, to get right back up and to try again. Religious faith is an ongoing process and does not stop while one is alive. This is my hope and prayer for me and all others who feel that the law can only go so far and that a personal relationship with God is rife in a persons life.WORKS CITED Armstrong, Karen Islam A Short History New York Random History 2006 Burns, Ken Thomas Jefferson New York Steeplechase phosphate buffer solution Films 1997 Miller, James Religions of the World. New York WW Norton 1987 The Holy Quran (2002) New York Oxford University Press An Interview with Mr. Aziz. Recorded with his permission on November 1, 2007 and Transcribed on November 4, 2007.

Integrated Marketing Communications in Rural Markets in India

incorporate selling communications in rude Markets in IndiaWith around 6, 38, 667 villages, India boasts of the highest number of villages in the world, hugely populated by 720 million stack (72% of India lives in villages). It is a market which give the bouncet be igno cherry by the marketers. Customers in villages m another(prenominal) their own hard-boileds of aspirations and atomic number 18 willing to pay for the function operate. Companies understand that that the rules of game are different when it comes to campestral markets, especially in a diverse one resembling India. The rural environment is different from the urban and at that placefore communication to potential customers in a proper and effective expression is a major challenge for corporate marketers. An urban communications approach might not hold well in these rural markets and thus there is a need to bind a different Integrated market Communications (IMC) approach for the rural markets in India.T his Research Paper tries to explore and stimulate out how Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC) can be use in the rural markets in India and a strategic frame rub down has been proposed for the same.Keywords Rural Markets, Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC).IntroductionThe global economic meltdown has taken its toll on the manufacturing and service sector of the economy, which, in turn, has slowed down the urban market. The companies edged across sectors have discoered the importance of rural markets. With urban India in the grip of a slowdown, the rural market is cooperateing industries like automobiles, cement, consumer electronics, textiles, telecommunications and FMCGs grow. While urban organised retail is in pain, its rural counterpart is thriving. All of a sudden, the consumer in the laid back Indian village is being spoilt for choice. The rural incomes are progressing, thanks to the Government initiatives like National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS) launched in 2006 which promised employment of at least 100 long time to every member of a poor rural household. This served three purposesIt built rural infrastructurePlugged pilferage of fundsBoosted the disposable incomes of rural familiesThe scheme was rolled out to all the 596 districts of the country. All told, Rs 66,800 crores has been earmarked for the programme. Another boost for liquidity among farmers came with the farm loan waiver of Rs 65,318 crores carried out by the Government last year.The bottom-line is clear. Customers in villages have their own set of aspirations and are willing to pay for the right services. Companies are understanding that to play the game in rural markets is to understand and innovate products completely for the rural consumers and later tasting success can alike be replicated in the urban markets. For example, Tata Sky launched DTH ( range to Home) primarily for the urban markets. However, in the rural entry, the incase has been at Rs 99 per month which was a mini-thali of sorts with a bit of everything. The forward motional campaigns included taking Aamir Khan as the brand ambassador who could easily assembling across the rural-urban divide and they too do a lot of progresss and demonstrations so as to motivate the local distributors who highlight the benefits of the service. Tata Sky has launched the Rs 99 pack in the urban markets as well.Advertising goes hand in hand with economic growth. With economic liberalization and increasing rural prosperity, marketers are keen to inform villagers slightly the benefits of buying and consuming their products and services. Prior to the introduction of economic liberalization in 1990s, there was little incentive for marketers to advertise their products and services, as rural markets were predominantly a sellers market.The influence of the electronic media, in particular television, moving-picture show and the Hindi film industry, is contributing to the growth of rural aspirations, which are being manifested in rural India in the form of increasing consumerism.The rural environment is different from the urban and therefore communication to potential customers in a proper and effective manner is a major challenge for corporate marketers. The majority of advertisements designed by corporate marketers, are largely urban orientated and extend themselves to rural areas without both musing to the values and sensitivities of the rural audience, which are often in striking contrast to those of their urban counterparts. This has led to a negative perception in the minds of villagers, about urban media planners and advertisers.Rural communication is not a peripheral activity. It does not, for instance, involve taking an audio-visual van to a village and assuming that this step is enough to reach out to customers. It take ups an entirely different mindset, which demands getting rid of many an(prenominal) mental barriers. Companies have to realize that rural is a long-haul market, as gains in the short term are neither immediate nor large.Challenges in Rural CommunicationsThere are many challenges to communication in rural. Low literacy level poor media reach and word-painting and vast, heterogeneous and diversely spread rural audiences characterized by variations in language, culture and lifestyle-all these factors pose multiple challenges to marketers facial expression to take their subject matters to the largely media-dark or media-grey areas, of rural markets. heterogeneity and spreadThe communication pattern in any society is a part of its culture. No communication medium can exist in a cultural vacuum. Communicating the message to rural consumers ha posed enormous challenges to the rural marketer, because of the large numbers of consumers scatters across the country. The problem is further compounded by the heterogeneous record of consumers there are 16 scheduled languages and 114 local vernaculars. For example, the diale cts used in the Vidharbha region, in Konkan region, in costal Maharashtra etc. Limited Media travel byThe limited reach of the mass media imposes limitations on universal communication to rural consumers. These factors lead to poor message comprehension and negligible advert, which fail to translate into consumer cognisance and hence fail in generating consumer pull.Understanding the Rural AudienceIt is not sufficient to understand rural communication challenges as stated above rather, what is equally crucial is the need to understand the behavioural and psychographic characteristics of the rural audience, in order to develop an effective rural communication strategy.Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC) ToolsIMC is a management purpose that is designed to make all aspects of selling communication such as advertising, sales forward motion, creation relations, personal selling and direct merchandise work together as a unified force, rather than permitting each to work i n isolation.AdvertisingAdvertising has four characteristics it is persuasive in nature it is non-personal it is paid for by an identified sponsor and it is disseminated by mass channels of communication. Advertising messages may promote the adoption of goods, services, persons, or ideas. Because the sales message is disseminated by dint of the mass media-as opposed to personal selling-it is viewed as a much cheaper counsel of reaching consumers. However, its non-personal nature means it lacks the ability to tailor the sales message to the message recipient and, much significantly, actually get the sale. Therefore, advertising effects are best measured in terms of increasing awareness and changing attitudes and opinions, not creating sales. Advertisings contribution to sales is difficult to isolate because many factors influence sales. The contribution advertising makes to sales are best viewed over the long run. The exception to this idea is within the internet arena. While b anner ads, pop-ups and interstitials should still be viewed as brand promoting and not necessarily sales drivers, technology provides the ability to track how many of a websites reprimandors click the banner, investigate a product, request more information, and ultimately make a purchase.Through the use of symbols and images advertising can help tag products and services that are otherwise similar. Advertising also helps create and maintain brand equity. Brand equity is an intangible asset that results from a favorable image, impressions of differentiation, or consumer attachment to the company, brand, or trademark. This equity translates into greater sales volume, and/or higher margins, thus greater competitive advantage. Brand equity is established and maintained done advertising that focuses on image, product attributes, service, or other features of the company and its products or services.Cost is the greatest disadvantage of advertising. The average cost for a 30-second spot on network television increased fivefold among 1980 and 2005. Plus, the average cost of producing a 30-second ad for network television is quite expensive. It is not uncommon for a national advertiser to spend in the millions of dollars for one 30-second commercial to be produced. Add more millions on top of that if celebrity talent is utilized.Credibility and kettle of fish are other disadvantages. Consumers have become increasingly skeptical about advertising messages and tend to resent advertisers attempt to persuade. Advertising is everywhere, from network television, to daily newspapers, to government agencyside billboards, to golf course signs, to stickers on fruit in grocery stores. Clutter encourages consumers to ignore many advertising messages. New media are emerging, such as DVRs (digital video recorders) which allow consumers to record programs and then skip commercials, and satellite radio which provides a majority of its channels advertising free.Public Relations (PR)Public relations is delimit as a management function which identifies, establishes, and maintains mutually beneficial relationships between an organization and the public upon which its success or failure depends. Whereas advertising is a unidirectional communication from sender (the marketer) to the receiver (the consumer or the retail trade), public relations considers multiple audiences (consumers, employees, suppliers, vendors, etc.) and uses two-way communication to monitor feedback and adjust both its message and the organizations actions for utmost benefit. A primary tool used by public relations practitioners is publicity. Publicity capitalizes on the news value of a product, service, idea, person or issuing so that the information can be disseminated through the news media. This third party endorsement by the news media provides a vital boost to the merchandise communication message credibility. Articles in the media are perceived as being more objective than adve rtisements, and their messages are more likely to be absorbed and believed. For example, after the CBS newsmagazine 60 Minutes reported in the early 1990s that drinking moderate amounts of red wine could prevent heart attacks by lowering cholesterol, red wine sales in the United States increased 50 percent. Another benefit publicity offers is that it is free, not considering the great amount of effort it can take away to get out-bound publicity noticed and picked up by media sources.Public relations role in the promotional mix is becoming more important because of what Philip Kotler describes as an over communicated society. Consumers develop communication-avoidance routines where they are likely to tune out commercial messages. As advertising loses some of its cost-effectiveness, marketers are turning to news coverage, events, and community programs to help disseminate their product and company messages. Some consumers may also base their purchase decisions on the image of the com pany, for example, how environmentally responsible the company is. In this regard, public relations plays an important role in presenting, through news reports, sponsorships, advertorials (a form of advertising that instead of selling a product or service promotes the companys views regarding incumbent issues), and other forms of communication, what the company stands for.Sales Promotions (SP)Sales promotions are direct inducements that offer extra incentives to enhance or accelerate the products movement from producer to consumer. Sales promotions may be directed at the consumer or the trade. Consumer promotions such as coupons, sampling, premiums, sweepstakes, harm packs (packs that offer greater quantity or lower cost than normal), low-cost financial support spots, and rebates are purchase incentives in that they induce product trial and encourage repurchase. Consumer promotions may also include incentives to visit a retail establishment or request additional information. Tra de promotions include slotting allowances (buying shelf space in retail stores), allowances for featuring the brand in retail advertising, display and merchandising allowances, buying allowances (volume discounts and other volume-oriented incentives), bill back allowances (pay-for-performance incentives), incentives to salespeople, and other tactics to encourage retailers to carry the item and to push the brand.Two perspectives may be found among marketers regarding sales promotion. First, sales promotion is supplemental to advertising in that it binds the role of advertising with personal selling. This view regards sales promotion as a minor player in the merchandise communication program. A second view regards sales promotion and advertising as distinct functions with objectives and strategies very different from each other. Sales promotion in this sense is equal to or even more important than advertising. Some companies allocate as much as 75 percent of their advertising/promoti on dollars to sales promotion and just 25 percent to advertising. Finding the right balance is often a difficult task. The main purpose of sales promotion is to spur action. Advertising sets up the deal by developing a brand reputation and building market value. Sales promotion helps close the deal by providing incentives that build market volume.Sales promotions can motivate customers to select a particular brand, especially when brands appear to be equal, and they can produce more immediate and measurable results than advertising. However, too heavy a reliance on sales promotions results in deal-prone consumers with little brand loyalty and too much price sensitivity. Sales promotions can also force competitors to offer similar inducements, with sales and profits suffering for everyone.Personal Selling (PS)Personal selling includes all one-on-one contact with customers with the purpose of introducing the product to the customer, convincing him or her of the products value, and cl osing the sale. The role of personal selling varies from organization to organization, depending on the nature and size of the company, the industry, and the products or services it is marketing. Many marketing executives realize that both sales and non-sales employees act as salespeople for their organization in one way or another. One study that perhaps supports this contention found that marketing executives predicted greater emphasis being placed on sales management and personal selling in their organization than on any other promotional mix element. These organizations have launched training sessions that show employees how they act as salespeople for the organization and how they can improve their interpersonal skills with clients, customers, and prospects. Employee reward programs straight reward employees for their efforts in this regard.Personal selling is the most effective way to make a sale because of the interpersonal communication between the salesperson and the pros pect. Messages can be tailored to particular situations, immediate feedback can be processed, and message strategies can be changed to accommodate the feedback. However, personal selling is the most expensive way to make a sale, with the average cost per sales call ranging from $235 to $332 and the average number of sales calls needed to close a deal being between three and six personal calls.Sales and marketing management classifies salespersons into one of three groups creative selling, order taking, and missionary sales reps. Creative selling jobs require the most skills and preparation. They are the point person for the sales function. They prospect for customers, analyze situations, determine how their company can satisfy wants and needs of prospects, and, most importantly, get an order. tramp takers take over after the initial order is received. They handle repeat purchases (straight rebuys) and modified rebuys. Missionary sales reps service accounts by introducing new produc ts, promotions, and other programs. Orders are taken by order takers or by distributors. sway Marketing (DM)Direct marketing, the oldest form of marketing, is the process of communicating directly with target customers to encourage receipt by telephone, mail, electronic means, or personal visit. Users of direct marketing include retailers, wholesalers, manufacturers, and service providers, and they use a variety of methods including direct mail, telemarketing, direct-response advertising, online computer shopping services, parentage shopping networks, and infomercials. Traditionally not viewed as an element in the promotional mix, direct marketing represents one of the most profound changes in marketing and promotion in the last 25 years. Aspects of direct marketing, which includes direct response advertising and direct mail advertising as well as the various research and support activities necessary for their implementation, have been adopted by virtually all companies engaged i n marketing products, services, ideas, or persons.Direct marketing has become an important part of many marketing communication programs for three reasons. First, the number of two-income households has increased dramatically. About six in every ten women in the United States work outside the home. This has reduced the amount of time families have for shopping trips. Secondly, more shoppers than ever before rely on credit cards for payment of goods and services. These cashless legal proceeding make products easier and faster to purchase. Finally, technological advances in telecommunications and computers allow consumers to make purchases from their homes via telephone, television, or computer with ease and safety. These three factors have dramatically altered the purchasing habits of American consumers and made direct marketing a growing field worldwide.Direct marketing allows a company to target more precisely a fragment of customers and prospects with a sales message tailored to their peculiar(prenominal) needs and characteristics. Unlike advertising and public relations, whose connections to actual sales are tenuous or turbid at best, direct marketing offers accountability by providing tangible results. The economics of direct marketing have also improved over the years as more information is gathered about customers and prospects. By identifying those consumers they can serve more effectively and profitably, companies may be more efficient in their marketing efforts. Whereas network television in the past offered opportunities to reach huge groups of consumers at a low cost per thousand, direct marketing can reach man-to-man consumers and develop a relationship with each of them.Research indicates that brands with strong brand equity are more successful in direct marketing efforts than little-known brands. Direct marketing, then, works best when other marketing communication such as traditional media advertising supports the direct marketing effort.Di rect marketing has its drawbacks also. Just as consumers built resistance to the persuasive nature of advertising, so have they with direct marketing efforts. Direct marketers have responded by being less sales oriented and more relationship oriented. Also, just as consumers grew weary of advertising clutter, so have they with the direct marketing efforts. Consumers are bombarded with mail, infomercials, and telemarketing pitches daily. Some direct marketers have responded by regarding privacy as a customer service benefit. Direct marketers must also overcome consumer mistrust of direct marketing efforts due to incidents of misappropriated behavior by companies and individuals using direct marketing. The U.S. Postal Service, the Federal Trade Commission, and other federal and state agencies may prosecute criminal acts. The industry then risks legislation regulating the behavior of direct marketers if it is not successful in self-regulation. The Direct Marketing Association, the lea ding trade organization for direct marketing, works with companies and brass agencies to initiate self-regulation. In March of 2003 the National Do Not Call Registry went into affect whereby consumers added their names to a list that telemarketers had to eliminate from their out-bound call database. emergent Tools of IMCSponsorships (Event Marketing)Sponsorships, or event marketing, combine advertising and sales promotions with public relations. Sponsorships increase awareness of a company or product, build loyalty with a specific target audience, help differentiate a product from its competitors, provide merchandising opportunities, demonstrate commitment to a community or ethnic group, or impact the bottom line. Like advertising, sponsorships are initiated to build long-term associations. Organizations sometimes compare sponsorships with advertising by using gross impressions or cost-per-thousand measurements. However, the value of sponsorships can be very difficult to measure. C ompanies considering sponsorships should consider the short-term public relations value of sponsorships and the long-term goals of the organization. Sports sponsorships make up about two-thirds of all sponsorships.Social Media MarketingThe c formerlypt of social media marketing basically refers to the process of promoting business or websites through social media channels. It is a powerful marketing medium that is defining the way people are communicating. It is one of the significantly low-cost promotional methods that provide businesses large numbers of links and huge amount of traffic. Companies manage to get massive aid and that really works in favour of the business. Social media marketing is a potent method applied by progressive companies for selling their products/services or for just publishing content for advertisement revenue.Social media is an extremely useful tool using which companies can get their information, product descriptions, promotions all ingrained in the cha in of networking world. Considering the newness of this marketing method, organizations are coming up with innovative ways to develop their marketing plans. New platforms are being created to approach potential clients. A large number of business organizations are allocating budget for online business development using social media marketing. It is a booming sector which is going to redefine the way marketing strategies are being formed and promoted. earnings MarketingInternet marketing also referred to as i-marketing, web-marketing, online-marketing or e-Marketing, is the marketing of products or services over the Internet. The Internet has brought media to a global audience. The interactive nature of Internet marketing in terms of providing instant responses and eliciting responses are the unique qualities of the medium. Internet marketing is sometimes considered to be broad in scope because it not only refers to marketing on the Internet, but also includes marketing done via e-ma il and wireless media. solicitude of digital customer data and electronic customer relationship management (ECRM) systems are also often grouped together under internet marketing.Internet marketing ties together creative and technical aspects of the Internet, including design, development, advertising, and sales.Internet marketing also refers to the placement of media along many different stages of the customer engagement cycle through search engine marketing (SEM), search engine optimization (SEO), banner ads on specific websites, e-mail marketing, and Web 2.0 strategies.Mobile MarketingMobile Marketing involves communicating with the consumer via cellular (or mobile) device, either to send a simple marketing message, to introduce them to a new audience participation-based campaign or to allow them to visit a mobile website.Mobile connectivity not only enables people to connect to the Internet via a cellular telephone, PDA or other gadget, but also consolidates the different commu nication channels in a simple, yet effective medium.Cheaper than traditional means for both the consumer and the marketer and easy enough for almost any age group to understand and engage with Mobile Marketing really is a streamlined version of traditional eMarketing.Strategic Framework for IMC in Rural Markets in IndiaA strategic framework for implementing Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC) in the rural markets in India has been proposed. The following are the elements of the frameworkObjectives The firms need to set and review their objectives for the rural markets. The desired effects and output needed from an integrated communications programme need to be decided and this becomes the base for the next step in the implementation framework.3As of the Adoption ProcessAwareness Creation Firstly, awareness needs to be created about the brand and the product in the rural market. An urban product might have low or almost nil awareness level in the rural market. The various to ols that should be used at this stage are Public Relations, Direct Marketing, Advertising and Events.Adopt the Brand Once awareness has been created about the brand, steps need to be taken so that the rural markets adopt the brand. The various tools that should be used at this stage are Personal Selling, Sales Promotions and Road shows.Brand Purchase Once people have adopted the brand, steps must be taken to ensure that people purchase the brand and become repeat buyers. The tools which must be used at this stage are Sales Promotion and Personal Selling.IMC Tools As mentioned before, different tools serve different purposes in the rural markets. For awareness creation, Public Relations, Direct Marketing, Advertising and Events are useful. Rural advertising will be different from the urban advertising keeping in mind the different profiles of the rural customers. Events also are very effective tools as they engage prospective consumers.The tools useful for adopting the brand are Pers onal Selling, Sales Promotions and Road shows. The markets accept and adopt the brands once salience has been achieved in the previous stage. Road shows are newer IMC tools which are proving to be very effective. They should be leveraged in the rural markets.In the brand purchase stage, tools like Personal Selling and Sales Promotions must be used as they have a direct impact on the brand purchase by providing incentives and more direct information about the brand.Select Right Mix of IMC All these above mentioned tools need to be used judiciously and in the right proportion to achieve the desired marketing objectives. There needs to be a strategic fit between the chosen tools and the IMC objectives. Depending on the stages of the adoption process, the check tools should be given importance over others and also overall media budget must be considered.Adds Incremental Value to the Firm The implementation of an Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC) model in the rural markets in th e above mentioned manner will add additive value to the firm.Since most of the corporate are looking in a big manner to exploit the rural markets in India, the above strategic framework might be useful for them to devise an IMC strategy. And it goes without verbal expression that an urban IMC will be different from a rural IMC.ConclusionsCustomers in villages have their own set of aspirations and are willing to pay for the right services. Companies are understanding that to play the game in rural markets is to understand and innovate products exclusively for the rural consumers and after tasting success can also be replicated in the urban markets. The rural environment is different from the urban and therefore communication to potential customers in a proper and effective manner is a major challenge for corporate marketers. An urban communications approach might not hold well in these rural markets and thus there is a need to have a different Integrated Marketing Communications (I MC) approach for the rural markets in India. The strategic framework for Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC) developed in this paper may be used by companies as a part of their rural strategy. Thus the companies can add incremental value to themselves.

Environmental Issues Of Ganga River

Environmental Issues Of Ganga RiverRapidly increasing population, rising standards of living and exp whizntial growth of industrialization and urbanization devote exposed the piddle resources, in general, and rivers, in particular, to discordant appoints of adulteration. Many Indian rivers, including the Ganga in several stretches, particularly during lean flows, have wrench unfit pull down for bathing. Realizing that the rivers of the country were in a serious state of degradation, a beginning towards their restoration was made with the launching of the Ganga Action syllabus ( hoo-hah) in 1985.It was envisaged as a comprehensive computer programme of river conservation with the objective of improving the water quality. It was visualized that in due course, the programme would be enlarged to cover other major(ip) rivers of the country.In order to prep be such a major programme, an exhaustive excogitate of the Ganga Basin arrived by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) . The study covered all aspects of rivers in the Ganga basin including water quality. The study pointed out that be boldnesss contamination from municipal and industrial neutralises, non-point sources like run off from inelegant settlements, pesticides from agricultural fields, open defecation, dumping of carcasses significantly contribute to pollution of the river and render the water unsuitable for its intended use.Equally in-chief(postnominal) is the issue of flow in the River. Dams and barrages for storing and diverting water for irrigation, domestic consumption and industry, affect the flow, particularly during dry months. This has serious implications for water quality and aquatic life in the river. The Ganga Action Plan Phase I ( feast I) was started in 1985 to improve the water quality of river Ganga to acceptable standards by preventing the pollution load reaching the river.GANGA BASINGanga drains a basin of anomalous variation in altitude, climate, land use and cropp ing figure. Ganga has been a cradle of human civilization since time immemorial. It is one of the more or less sacred rivers in the area and is deeply revered by the pack of this country. India has 12 river basins, and 14 minor and desert river basins. Ganga river basin is the largest of these.The Ganga basin lies between East longitudes 7330 and 89 0 and North latitudes of 2230 and 3130, covering an area of 1,086,000 sq km, extending over India, Nepal and Bangladesh. It has a catchment area of 8,61,404 sq. km in India, constituting 26% of the countrys land mass and have goting(a) near 43% of population (448.3 million as per 2001 census).Ganga has umpteen tributaries, both in the Himalayan region in advance it enters the plains at Haridwar and further downstream before its confluence with the Bay of Bengal. -May are the lean flowMonths. The surface water resource Ganga has been assessed as 525 billion cubicMeters (BCM). Substantial abstraction of water for unlike purposes including irrigation, powerGeneration and drinking water has shamed the quantity of flows in the river.Some General Information about Ganga1Here are a a few(prenominal) basic facts about the Ganga River. This information will help you understand the gang up at a glance.Total Length of River Ganges2,510 Kms (1,560 miles)Average depth of Ganga River52 Feet (maximum depth, 100 feet)Place of Origin of Ganga RiverFoot of Gangotri Glacier, at Gaumukh, at an elevation of 3,892 mArea drained by Ganges River (Ganges Plains)1,000,000 Square KilometresMajor Tributaries of GangesYamuna, Son, Kosi, Gandak, Gomati, Ghaghara, Bhagirathi etcCities on the bank of GangesKanpur, Soron, Allahabad, Varanasi, Patna, Ghazipur, Bhagalpur, Mirzapur, Buxar, Saidpur etcThe perfect stretch of river Ganga (main stem) can be thoughted into three segmentsA. Upper Ganga 294 km Gaumukh to HaridwarB. Middle Ganga 1082 km Haridwar to VaranasiC. Lower Ganga 1134 km Varanasi to Ganga SagarPlaces in that locatio n are many cities which are situated on the bank of river Ganga. Focusing on the state of Uttaranchal and the cities like Haridwar and Rishikesh which are prone to pollution due to the pilgrimage.Uttaranchal became the twenty-seventh state of India on November 9, 2000. It borders Tibet in the north-east and Nepal to the south-east, while its neighboring states are Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. Uttaranchal is a region of outstanding natural beauty. The high Himalayan ranges and glaciers cover close to of the northern parts of the state, while the lower reaches are densely forested. The unique Himalayan ecosystem plays host to a large number of animate beings (including bharal, snow leopards, leopards and tigers), plants and rare herbs. cardinal of Indias mightiest rivers, the Ganga and the Yamuna take birth in the glaciers of Uttaranchal, and are fed by innumerable lakes, glacial melts and streams in the region. The tourism industry is a major contributor to the de liverance of Uttaranchal, with the Raj era hill-stations at Mussorie, Almora, Ranikhet and Nainital being some of the most frequented destinations. To this region also belong some of the holiest Hindu shrines, and for almost 2000 years now pilgrims have been see the temples at Haridwar, Rishikesh, Badrinath and Kedarnath in the hope of salvation and purification from sin. Recent studys in the region include initiatives by the state administration to capitalize on the burgeoning visitant trade. The state also plays host to some of the worst conceived bigdam projects in India such as the monstrously large Tehri dam on the Bhagirathi-Bhilangana Rivers2.HARIDWARAncient Haridwar (the Gateway to God) is one of the seven holiest places in India, and one of the oldest living cities. For Hindus, a visit to Haridwar is believed to appropriate liberation from the endless cycle of death and rebirth. Haridwars main hookings are its temples (particularly Mansa Devi temple, where the wish ful filling goddess resides), ghats (steps in the lead down to the river), and Ganges River. People take a hallowed dip and cleanse their sins. Haridwar district, covering an area of about 2360 Km with a population of 14, 44, 213, is in the western part of Uttarakhand state of India and extends from latitude 29 58 in the north to longitude 78 13 in the east with subtropical climate. It receives millions of tourists in any month, sometimes just in one day, which affixs the number of automobiles of various categories up to 120 % per day RISHIKESH Rishikesh is yet a nonher centre of pilgrimage and tourist attraction for Indians as well as foreigners. Rishikesh is popularly known as the Yoga Capital of the World. Rishikesh is 28 kms from Haridwar on way to Badrinath and is situated at the foothills on either side of holy river Ganga and is surrounded by Shivalik ranges from three sides. Rishikesh complex consists of three distinct areas, known as Rishikesh, Muni-ki-Reti and Swargashram. The town is well known for modem and ancient Ashrams.REASON FOR THE taint3In the upper reaches of the Ganga, numerous hydel projects threaten the rivers ecosystem. And in the plains, as the river flows through the states of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal, a toxic mix of untreated sewage, discarded garbage, agricultural run-off and industrial depopulate flow unabated into it. Hindus regard the Ganga water as pure but in reality it is pure toxic muck So some(prenominal) so that one of Indias most treasured resources was also crowned one of the worlds top five most polluted rivers in 2007. The Ganga at Haridwar, where thousands of devotees take holy dip and collect water, continues to be polluted with sewage, a scientist has said, suggesting a parallel canal strategy for permanent prevention of pollution. The situation is most miserable and contempt some waste water trappings through a piecemeal system of sewers, the towns sewage continues to flow al most all along the Ganga canal at Haridwar. there is zero management for solid waste which blocked many nalas, inlets/manholes resulting not only in overflow of sewage into the canal but guide to most ugly and unaesthetic sites and foul smell.Nearly 89 million litres of sewage is daily disposed into Ganga from the 12 municipal towns that fall along its route bowl Haridwar. The amount of sewage disposed into the river increases during the Char Dham Yatra season when nearly 15 lakh pilgrims visit the state between May and October each year. According to the Ganga pollution control unit of Uttarakhand Peyjal Nigam, Haridwar alone accounts for 37.36 million litres of the sewage that goes directly to the Ganga without getting treated in any plant. Apart from sewage disposal of half-burnt human bodies at Haridwar and hazardous medical waste from the base hospital at Srinagar due to absence of an incinerator are also adding to pollution levels in the Ganga. It is worth mentioning that de spite expense over Rs. 1500 crores by the Ganga Action Plan since its inception in 1984, the river still remains polluted. The second phase of the project, which is to get over in 2008, includes setting up of sewer lines in 8 cities in Garhwal that fall on the route of the river. According to an estimate, during its 2510 kilometre-long course from Gaumukh till Bay of Bengal, nearly 1 billion litres of untreated sewage gets disposed into the river.Impact of the PollutionWe should care about the continuing environmental degradation of our oceans and coastal areas because it is detrimental to human health, economic development, climate and our planets stick in of biodiversity. It is interfering with the sustainability of environment and its resources.Main sources of marine pollution are atmosphere, river runoff, agriculture, livestocks, urban runoff, automobiles, land clearing, sewage outfall, industrial waste etc. Thermal pollution is the degradation of water quality by any process that changes ambient water temperature. A common cause of thermal pollution is the use of water as a coolant by power plants and industrial manufacturers. When water used as a coolant is returned to the natural environment at a higher temperature, the change in temperature (a) decreases oxygen supply, and (b) affects ecosystem composition. Urban runoffstorm water discharged to surface waters from roads and parking lotscan also be a source of elevated water temperatures. When a power plant first opens or shuts down for repair or other causes, fish and other organisms adapted to particular temperature range can be killed by the abrupt rise in water temperature known as thermal shock.Water quality is also detoriating because of pollution in river Ganga and it is affecting marine ecosystem. Elevated temperature typically decreases the level of dissolved oxygen (DO) in water. The decrease in levels of dissolved oxygen (DO) can harm aquatic animals such as fish, amphibians and copepods. T hermal pollution whitethorn also increase the metabolic rate of aquatic animals, as enzyme activity, resulting in these organisms consuming more food in a shorter time than if their environment were not changed. An increased metabolic rate may result in fewer resources the more adapted organisms moving in may have an advantage over organisms that are not used to the warmer temperature. As a result one has the problem of compromising food handcuffs of the old and new environments. Biodiversity can be decreased as a result. Three main types of inputs of pollution into the ocean are direct discharge of waste into the oceans, runoff into the waters due to rain, and pollutants that are released from the atmosphere.EFFECT OF POLLUTANTS ON MARINE ORGANISMSPollutants enters into to the oceans are mostly diluted however the organisms living in the oceans tend to revolve about the pollutants into their body by various mechanisms, like adsorption, absorption, ingestion etc. The concentration of pollutant increases with higher tropic levels, i.e. from primary producers to the tertiary consumer. The threshold limit of organisms to the pollutant concentration increase with increasing tropic levels. Various mode of pollution transport in organisms includes bioconcentration, bioaccumulation and biomagnifications. Water pollution also leads to Large scale death of aquatic and wandering animals, Reduced reproduction rate, Increased incidence of diseases, Imbalances created in secondary food chains, Accumulation of bioaccumulative and non-biodegradable pollutants in animal bodies, Some organochlorine pesticides (like DDT, BHC, Endrin) are known for bioaccumulative and biomagnifiable characters.Bad impact of Water Pollution on Environment and human health.The contamination of water bodies has tremendous negative impact on environment, it has ability to destroy many animal habitats, and cause irreparable damage to many ecosystems. Water pollution is not only cleanup spot milli ons of race around the globe each year, it is also killing millions of plants and animals that simply cannot cope with the increasing levels of water pollution caused by several(predicate) chemicals and other waste.In some areas of the world water pollution issue is tout ensemble out of control, and in these areas polluted water spreads different toxins and other chemicals into environment, making it dirty, and above all unhealthy place to live in.Among the most common causes of water pollution include the pathogens, various chemicals or other contaminants as well as other thermal sources of pollution. Pathogenic causes of pollution in water are usually the bacteria as well as other microorganisms that are commonly food in the surface of the water. If their population exceeds the normal rate, then its effects would be adverse to the human health. Of course, the chemical sources of water pollution include those from detergents, disinfectants, food processing wastes and many more. Water pollution can also leads to various diseases like vomiting or diarrhea, sick stomach, skin rashes, Cancer.Legislation and Efforts to Clean Ganga RiverThe basic objective taken by the people was to to create mass cognisance for an eco-friendly non-violent culture of development for the protection of our life-sustaining natural systems in general and of the sacred Ganga and the Himalayas in particular on the other hand, to put moral pinch on the government, to take time-bound decisive steps to completely and permanently carry out the Ganga.Ganga Action PlanThe Ganga Action Plan or GAP was a program launched by Rajiv Gandhi in April 1986 in order to reduce the pollution load on the river. But the efforts to decrease the pollution level in the river became more afterward spending 901.71 Crore (190 million USD adjusting to inflation). Therefore, this plan was withdrawn on 31 border 2000. The steering Committee of the issue River Conservation Authority reviewed the progress of the GAP and necessary correction on the basis of lessons learned and experiences gained from the GAP phase 2 schemes have been completed under this plan. A million liters of sewage is targeted to be intercepted, diverted and treated. Phase-II of the program was approved in stages from 1993 onwards, and included the following tributaries of the Ganges Yamuna, Gomti, Damodar and Mahananda.National River Ganga Basin Authority (NRGBA)NRGBA was established by the Central Government of India, on 20 February 2009 under Section 3(3) of the Environment Protection Act, 1986. It also declared Ganges as the National River of India. The chair includes the Prime Minister of India and Chief Ministers of states through which the Ganges flows.In exercise of the powers conferred by subsections (1) and (3) of Section 3 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986), the Central Government has constituted National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) as a planning, financing, monitoring and arrange authority for strengthening the collective efforts of the Central and State Government for effective abatement of pollution and conservation of the river Ganga. One of the important functions of the NGRBA is to prepare and implement a Ganga River Basin Environment Management Plan (GRB EMP).A Consortium of 7 Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) has been given the responsibilityof preparing Ganga River Basin Environment Management Plan (GRB EMP) by the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), GOI, New Delhi. Memorandum of Agreement (MoA) has been signed between 7 IITs (Bombay, Delhi, Guwahati, Kanpur, Kharagpur, Madras and Roorkee) and MoEF for this purpose on July 6, 2010.Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission ( JNNURM)440% of the total funds under directly or indirectly marked for river conservation, so this has become an essential lane for corruption. Crores of rupees have gone down the drain over the past many years, but things havent changed a bit. Rather si tuation has further deteriorated. Instead, flood plain and river rump of majority of rivers have been sold by the governments to the private builders.Meanwhile, activists of Jal Biradari and Tarun Bharat Sangh, who had earlier rattled the Uttarakhand government and forced it to suspend its hydro-electricity projects constructed over Ganga, have now started trooping in Allahabad. Conservationists and scientists would be in the Sangam city to participate in the meet called Ganga Sammelan which was held on September 23, 2011The call for the meet has been given by Jal Biradari, a body of river conservationists headed by Magsaysay allow winner Rajendra Singh. The participants aim to protest against the governments move to invest thousands of crores on river conservation without disclosing its plan of action.http//articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/images/pixel.gif survive Ganga Movement With the help of many like-minded organizations and with the moral funding from many religious l eadership, eldritch and political, scientists, environmentalists, writers and social activists, initiated give up Ganga Movement against the pollution of river Ganga and its tributaries with a seminar on Ganga aur hamaaraa daayitva on 13th Nov. 1998 at Kanpur. Renowned Gandhians, Shri Sunderlal Bahuguna and Dr. Kanchanlata Sabarwal, also united the Movement.Catastrophic Global Ecological CrisisAccording to the report of the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) published on20th March 2007. Apart from the Ganga, the Indus, Nile, and Yangtze are among the 10 most endangered rivers of the world that are lifeline of billions of people. Global warming could cause more hunger in poor countries and extinction of many animal and plant species and melt most glaciers of the Himalayas, which is the source of the Ganga, the Indus and many other great rivers, by the2030s, according to a draft UN report published on 6th April,2007 . The thought of Gandhiji, the apostle of Truth and non-violence of our age , does provide the form and content of a non-violent culture of development in the context of our present technological age, which is the surest and perhaps the only solution to our impending ruinous world(prenominal) ecological crisis. The seers and prophets of all great religions would agree with the Gandhian solution.Save Ganga Rally at Delhi (12th Nov, 2000)A fervent appeal was made to the Honble Rashtrapati for his guidance and active delay in this cause. A national campaign was launched with a mass ralley in Delhi on 12th Nov. 2000, with blessings from the then Honble Prime Minister Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee and many eminent spiritual leaders including His Holiness Jagadguru Sri Sankaracharya of Kanchikotipuram, Rev. Dada J.P. Vaswani of Sadhu Vaswani Mission, Pune, in which eminent persons like Shri Sundarlal Bahuguna, Smt Tara Gandhi Bhattacharyaji, Dr Kanchanlata Sabarwal, Dr Samprasad Vinod etc. participated.Save Ganga Yatra from Gangotri to Ganga Sagar (May 2002-Nov 20 03)Next two years have been devoted to coordinating the Save Ganga Yatra from Gangotri to Ganga Sagar in three phases during May 2002 to Nov 2003. In the course of the Yatra, we quite successfully held 3 Save Ganga Seminars and 6 Save Ganga Meetings in which many tremendous scientists, intellectuals, social activists, social leaders, Gandhians and religious leaders participated and expressed their views.1st National store on Gandhi Ganga and Giriraj (1st 2nd October, 2004)5In the National Workshop on Gandhi Ganga and Giriraj held on the occasion of Gandhi Jayanti as a part of our Save Ganga Movement at Gandhi Darshan Samiti, Rajghat, Delhi on 1st and 2nd October 2004, a Charter of Ten Demands were unanimously authorized to be the Ten Commandmentsto save the Ganga and the Himalayas. A book entitled Gandhi Ganga and Giriraj, published by Navajivan Publishing House, Ahmedabad and NWO, Pune was released in the workshop.Save Ganga Save Himalayas March, New Delhi (12th March, 2006)We organized a Save Ganga Save Himalayas March from Bapujis Samadhi at Raj ghat to Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi on 12-03-2006, the 76th Anniversary of Gandhjis Dandi Yatra, and formally presented Our Charter of Ten Demands in the Office of our Honble Rashtrapatiji in the form of an pull to Save the Ganga and the Himalayas. The Yatra was organized/ supported by about 24 organizations. It was unanimously resolved to celebrate the Day of Dandi Yatra, 12th March, every year in the form a Save Ganga Save Himalaya March from Bapujis Samadhi to Rashtrapati Bhavan till the necessary steps are taken to completely and permanently save the Ganga the Himalayas. 2nd National Workshop on Gandhi Ganga and Giriraj (1st third October, 2006)The 2nd National Workshop on Gandhi Ganga and Giriraj was held on the occasion of Gandhi Jayanti as a part of our Save Ganga Movement from 1st to 3rd October 2006 at Haridwar, Uttaranchal to discuss further deeply on various major issues concerning protection o f the Ganga and the Himalayas as well as to create public awareness about it. As a part of the workshop a seminar Gandhi Ganga and Giriraj was held at M.C. Mehta Environmental Foundation, Eco Ashram at Haridwar on 1st and 2nd October 2006 and a Save Ganga Save Himalayas human race Meeting was held at Har Ki Paudi, Haridwar on 3 rd October2006.Save Ganga Save Himalayas March, New Delhi (12th March, 2007)A march was organized 2nd Save Ganga Save Himalayas March from Bapujis Samadhi at Rajghat to Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi on 12-03-2007, the 77th Anniversary of Gandhjis Dandi Yatra in the Centinary year of his Satyagrah in South Africa and presented the Charter of Ten Demands in the form of an appeal to Save the Ganga the Himalayas.Save Ganga Save Himalayas March, New Delhi (12th March, 2008)Celebrated the 78th Anniversary of Gandhjis Dandi Yatra in the form of a Save Ganga Save Himalayas March from Bapujis Samadhi at Rajghat to Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi on 12-03-2008 . Save Ganga Save Himalayas Meeting-cum-Panel Discussion, New Delhi (12th March, 2010)We celebrated the 80th Anniversary of Gandhjis Dandi Yatra in the form of a Save Ganga Save Himalayas Meeting- cum- Panel Discussion at Gandhi Darsan, Rajghat, New Delhi on 12thMarch, 2010.There was an essential agreement on the following two pointsThe highly earth quake prone, eco-fragile Uttarkhand region of the Ganga Basin must be declared Ecological unconvincing and its rivers wild river and all steps must be taken to protect them and the natural eco-systems they support2. Since our rivers are the source of drinking water for crores of our common people and also for the animals and STPs cannot convert sewage into potable water, industrial effluents and hospital wastes treated or untreated and also sewage from the cities and towns treated or untreated, must not be allowed to enter into the rivers sewers must be separated from rivers and sewage must be converted into valuable natural manure for organic farming, producing electricity in the process wherever possible. The main objective of Save Ganga Save Himalayas Yatra from Badrinath to Rameshwar is to bring together under one roof various like-minded eminent persons from different streams of life and like-minded religious leaders religious institutions of different faiths, Gandhian leaders Gandhian institutions, social activists NGOs, etc. to devote to the cause of creating(1) The mass-awareness necessary to save the Ganga, symbolizing all rivers and water bodies, and the Giriraj Himalaya, symbolizing all mountains, forests and wildlife(2) The mass-awareness necessary to create a Gandhian Non-violent Culture of Development, which is the surest and perhaps the only solution to our impending catastrophic Global Ecological Crisis, through Save Ganga Save Himalayas Meetings/ Seminars/ Workshops, etc to be held in various major cities/ pilgrimage centers of our country in the course of the Yatra. It is deeply significant that our Save Ganga Movement has succeeded to a great extent to bring under one umbrella various like-minded eminent scientists, social workers and organizations, Gandhians, spiritual leaders and organizations to work together for the absolutely non-controversial noble cause of Saving the Ganga and the Himalayas.Supreme Court of IndiaThe Supreme Court has been working on the closure and relocation of many of the industrial plants along the Ganges and in 2010 the government declared the stretch of river between Gaumukh and Uttarkashi an eco-sensitive zone.NigamanandIn early 2011, a Hindu seer named Swami Nigamananda Saraswati fasted unto death, protesting against illegal mine happening in the district of Haridwar (in Uttarakhand) resulting in pollution. Following his death in June 2011, his Ashram leader Swami Shivananda fasted for 11 days starting on November 25, 2011, taking his movement forward. Finally, the Uttarkhand government released an order to ban illegal mining all over Haridwar district. According to administration officials, quarrying in the Ganges would now be studied by a special committee which would assess its environmental impacts the river and its nearby areas.Prof. G. D. AgrawalNoted environmental activist, Prof. G. D. Agrawal sat for fast unto death on 15 January 2012. Due to support from other social activists like Anna Hazare, the Prime Minister of India, Manmohan Singh agreed to Prof. Agrawals demands. Accordingly, he called for a National River Ganga Basin Authority (NRGBA) meeting and urged the authorities to utilize the 2,600 crore (520M USD) authorize for creating sewer networks, sewage treatment plants, sewage pumping stations, electric crematoria, community toilets and development of river fronts.Failure of Ganga Action PlanIt is truly deeply anguishing that we have failed to make the Ganga impeccant from pollution in spite of our central government launching the Ganga Action Plan in 1985, and spending hundreds of crores of rup ees for this purpose, even though we know that the Ganga is the lifeline of our crores of people and crores of our people consider her to be their divine mother, and our experts claim that we have the necessary knowledge, skill and wealth to make the Ganga and her tributaries completely pollution free within 4-5 years. GAP suffered from the following limitations6Only a part of the pollution load of the river could be tackled.GAP concentrated on improving the water quality of Ganga, in harm of organic pollution and dissolved oxygen.Only the wastewater of towns flowing through the drains to the river was targeted.Connections of household toilets to the sewer system, solid waste management, and some other vital aspects of municipal activities, which impinge on the water quality were not addressed.The issue of ensuring environmental flows in the river was not attended to. This has become increasingly important in view of the competing demands on the Ganga water for drinking, irrigatio n and power generation. Adopting more efficient water conservation practices could have reduced the need for abstraction of water from Ganga.Problems of land acquisition, court cases, contractual issues and inadequate capacities in the local bodies/implementing agencies came in the way of speedy implementation.Tree cover in the Ganga basin has reduced considerably and land use pattern has changed leading to soil erosion. Sediment yield and its deposit on the river bed were also not monitored.Pollution load from non-point sources was addressed marginally.No attention was stipendiary to run-off from agricultural fields, which brings non biodegradablePesticides into the river.Measures necessary for the prevention of pollution of the river water while planningNew settlements or expansion of the present ones were not considered.Watershed development as well as groundwater and surface water interaction were not covered.Only Class-I towns on the banks of rivers were taken up. Thus a large number of urban settlements remained outside the purview of the Plan.Pollution from rural sector was not addressed.Several parameters such as heavy metals, pesticides, nitrogen and phosphorous were not monitored. These parameters have become important with increased industrialization and urbanization.Suggestions and RecommendationsGangotri Valley to be viewed as a place of pilgrim tourism and spiritual activities. AllCommercial activities in the vicinity of Gangotri (say within 500 m) to be transformed into eco friendly activities. Plan for environment protection and preservation of natural and pristine conditions (e.g. hotel culture to be changed to hut culture relentless restrictions on overnight stay of tourists, promotion of pilgrim tourism than commercial tourism, facilitating Pad Yatra, encouraging use of locally available materials, provision for segregated collection of entire solid waste of all kinds, entirely eliminating disposal of any kind of waste from anthropogenic s ources in the valley, complete recycle/reuse and conversion into acceptable products of wastes generated sanitation and bathing facilities with no direct/indirect discharge into river valley, control of noise and artificial lighting, etc.).Harshil to be developed as nature friendly, zero waste terminal pilgrim tourist spot with facilities of ashrams, guest houses, parking, internet, etc.Environmental Flow (E Flow) to be estimated at various places, particularly for those stretches where river flow has been modified. Flo

The Social Problem: Class Inequality

The well-disposed Problem Class InequalityClass variation refers to the inequality of incomes between individuals, families, or between different groups, atomic number 18as, or countries (Black, 2002). These inequalities occur as a result of differences in the ability to earn incomes as well as differences in property ownership. somewhat individuals usually have lower incomes than others, especially those who be economically inactive. This is usually as a result of age, poor health, or inability to find employment.Class inequality is a major social problem in the US and other parts of the world. For example, several studies have exhibit that a childs future may be determined by the social status. mavin study found that although children may have similarities in their ability, differences in the fortune to which they were born could make the difference on who will be successful in future, and who will not. By viewing two children Bobby (the son of a lawyer) and Jimmy (son of a custodial assistant) who both do well in class, the study found that it makes it 27 times more likely that Bobby will get a proud profile job, while Jimmy had one accident in eight of earning a median income. It is projected that currently, social inequality is greater in the US than in any other industrialized nation (Wolff, 1995). In 2007, a study conducted by the Congressional Office Bureau revealed that the wealth held by the richest 1 percent of the total American population totaled US$16.8 trillion, which makes up USD$2 trillion more than the combined wealth of the lower 90 percent of the American population. Another study conducted by the Center for American Progress (2007) showed that between 1979 and 2007, the average income of the bottom 50 percent of American households grew by solely 6%, while the top 1% incomes increased by a massive 229 percent. This reveals that the gap between the rich and the poor in the US is widening, and may affect the future of children wh o come from economically disadvantaged families. This may lead to accelerated rates of crime, violence and drug abuse amongst poor communities.High advances in technology have led to the globalization phenomenon, whereby people in different parts of the world can interact faster and less expensively than before. Some activists consider globalization a social problem. For example, Stiglitz (2002) argues that globalization forced developing nations to liberalize their economies before they were ready, which pushed their citizens to poverty, a major social problem. Further, religious groups, especially Muslims and Christians, are opposed to globalization because it may erode some of their values. With globalization come cultural clashes, which are leading to erosion of cultures. These difference of opinions may not be well-fixed to resolve because with globalization, at that place are difficulties in the issues related to justice, identity and equity. For example, previously, when d isputes arose between people, they could be resolved by the government or the local council. The process of conflict resolution was faster. However, with globalization, social disputes go beyond local, regional and international boundaries. The process of conflict resolution is slower, and this makes people feel victimized, angry and powerless. As a result, in that respect is a tendency for people to turn to violence when they feel they have no alternative.According to Stiglitz, globalization has its advantages, but also disadvantages. He states that it has a gamy potential to bring benefits to the world. So far, globalization has not brought comparable benefits in many parts of the world, and it is viewed by many as a disaster. However, since globalization is like a shot a reality which affects everyone, it is essential that we strategize on how to benefit from it, and how to mitigate its negative impacts. In order to reap the benefits of globalization, the world will have to ma ke intellectual decisions for people on both sides of the divide.A number of Sociological Theories attempt to pardon why people commit crimes. These include the Strain Theory, the Social attainment Theory, the Control Theory, the Labeling Theory and the social Disorganization Theory. According to Agnew (1992), all crime theories attempt to explain crime as a component of the social environment. Social environment includes the family, school, peer group, workplace, community as well as the society. The morphologic strain theory, for example, states that social structures in a society could encourage its citizens to commit crimes. The structural strain theory was advanced by several sociologists. These were Merton (1938), Cohen (1955), Cloward and Ohlin (1960), Agnew (1992), as well as Messner and Rosenfeld (1994). According to the authors, strain can either be structural, which depicts the processes at the societal level which filter down and affect how an individual perceives his or her needs. That is, if particular social structures are inherently inadequate, the individuals perceptions may change to view them as opportunities. On the other hand, strain can be at the individual level, where it refers to the pain experienced by an individual when he seeks ways to satisfy his needs. At this level, if the goals of a society become significant to an individual, actually achieving them may become more important than the means adopted.The commemorateing theory, also known as social reaction theory, was develop by Howard Becker (1963), a sociologist. This theory states that deviance is not a quality of the act, since results from personality factors associated with committing deviance. Its main focus is on the linguistic tendency of majorities to negatively label minorities, mainly those perceived as deviant from the norms. According to this theory, self-identity and behavior of individuals can be influenced by the terms employ to describe them. This theory is sometimes used to explain why people take drugs. An individual, for example, may escape to drugs due to low self esteem resulting from being constantly stereotyped. vane Runner 1982 Ridley Scott synopsis of Postmodernism steel Runner 1982 Ridley Scott Analysis of PostmodernismResearch Proposal Commentary marque Runner 1982 Ridley ScottPostmodernism, after the modernist movement, is a term now almost as ubiquitous, dislike and misunderstood as its parent, the modern (Jencks, C, p.14). It is a reaction to modernism, an aesthetic, to try and describe changes to conditions and institutions by the drawing of attention to conventions (Oxford, 2009). Throughout this commentary I will explain how my chosen engage of discussion Blade Runner 1982, directed by Ridley Scott, is relevant to the postmodern era.I have chosen Blade Runner as the object for study as it is one of my favourite films I feel it engages artistically and complexly with the issue of postmodernism. It is around the theme of identity I consider the film best represents not only its understanding of postmodernity but also its connection with postmodernism, as the structure of feeling of late capitalism (McGuigan, 1992, p.221).The city of Blade Runner is relevant to the postmodern era, as it highlights the representation of post-industrial decay it is not the ultra-modern but rather the postmodern city. The city represents an aesthetic of decay, revealing the process of chemical decomposition reaction what could be seen as the dark side of technology (Giuliana, B). Recycling, erosion and the explosion of boundaries help reinforce this postmodern aesthetic in Blade Runner. Post-industrialism, spatial relations, urban decay, other(prenominal)iche consumption and time consumption are five recognised postmodern issues I find to be represented within Blade Runner.Post-industrialism is intelligibly embodied in Blade Runners Tyrell Corporation (the main business company within the film). The film re ferences changes in the dominant mode of production and the organisation of business, which could be called advanced corporate capitalism (Davis, 1992). 1.Harvey 1989 states how flexible accumulation creates the postmodern economic actuality of overwhelming corporate power Blade Runner is inundated with advanced technology, from levitate cars, large electronic advertisements on blimps to videophones, the driving force behind the post-industrial society creating this power.In terms of spatial relations, postmodernity is characterised by class polarisation, with the wealthy and the poor fit progressively more socially isolated from each other. This relationship makes itself evident in the concrete spatial relations of postmodern cities, like Los Angeles (2.Harvey, 1989). This is made likely with the architectural mise-en-scene in Blade Runner, particularly with the monolithic ivory tower of Tyrell, dominating the urban landscape of the poor, portraying a hierarchical class division .One of the most clearly presented conditions of postmodernity in Blade Runner is time compression, the outcome of increased consumption and exchange on the experience of time. Bringing with it an emphasis of whimsicality and volatility (2.Harvey, 1989), the postmodern society is required to become accustomed to the demands of flexible accumulation. This is relevant with the replicant characters in Blade Runner, who are forced to live in broken temporality (Bruno, G 1990). It is this lack of safe temporal continuity represented within Blade Runner (Jameson, 1985) from neurotic preoccupation of its characters with individual pasts to ageing diseases that makes the film postmodern.Another issue represented within Blade Runner, which is considered another postmodern concern, is urban decay. Bruno states the speed and growth of development brings its own rapid ineluctable decease and decay. Blade Runner portrays a post-industrial decaying future of Los Angeles, opposed to the familiar perception of ultra-modernity (shown within sci-fi films in the 1950s). It emphasises the effect of de-concentration with the result of immigration known as geographic displacements and condensations (Bruno, 1990). As the upper class individuals vacate vast areas of the city, the poor and immigrants then can use these areas. Blade Runners Off World colonies could be a typic extension in the trend to vacate a city in support of the commuter land of home-based work, as a blimp advertises A chance to begin againAs well as the issue of urban decay being a postmodern issue within Blade Runner, there is also pastiche consumption. This is where the postmodernist culture and postmodern socio-economics links start to be revealed as difficult and uneven (Connor, 1989). In the film, the use of pastiche images and past/present zeals is portrayed particularly in the mixture of architectural designs within the urban landscape, as Bruno states it is a pastiche city. An example of this pastiche in Blade Runner is where Rachael played by actress Sean Young is dressed in 1940s utility clothing blending the space age of the 1960s. An architectural example is the style of the retro bar where Deckard (Harrison Ford) finds Zhora (Joanna Cassidy).These points I have outlined reveal how Blade Runner is considered to be relevant to the postmodern era, using postmodern theoretical references. However, they are not the only reference points between Blade Runner and postmodernism. The Film also portrays elements of hyperreality and simulacra, which I will discuss within the essay.BibliographyJencks, C. (1996). What is Postmodernism?. Published by academy Press 4 edition (June 13, 1996)Oxford Dictionary. (2009). Postmodernism. Available at http//www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/postmodernism?view=uk Accessed 28/10/09McGuigan, J. (1992). Anomie of the people. In Cultural Populism. London Routledge.Giuliana, B. (1987). Ramble City Postmodernism and Blade Runner. Available at http//www.stan ford.edu/dept/HPS/Bruno/bladerunner.html Accessed 28/10/09Davis, M. (1992). City of Quartz Excavating the Future in Los Angeles. London Vintage.Harvey, D. (1989). Flexible accumulation through urbanization reflections on Post-Modernism in the American city. In The Urban Experience. Oxford Basil Blackwell.Harvey, D. (1989a). Time-space compression and the postmodern condition. In The Condition of Postmodernity An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change. Oxford Basil Blackwell.Bruno, G. (1990). Ramble city postmodernism and Blade Runner. In A. Kuhn (ed.), Alien Zone Cultural Theory and Contemporary Science Fiction Cinema. London Verso.Jameson, F. (1985). Postmodernism and consumer society. In H. Foster (ed.), Postmodern Culture. London Pluto Press.Connor, S. (1989). Postmodernities. In postmodernist Culture An Introduction to Theories of the Contemporary. Oxford Blackwell.

The Effect of Full House on My Life Essay -- Sitcom Television Compare

The Effect of replete House on My LifeWhen I look spikelet at my kidhood, I see it as a exceedingly colored, exaggerated version of what it must deem been. Everything seems brighter, and bigger than reality allows. Its the ideal childs world, full of Barbies, dress-up, and playgrounds. But, if I try hard enough, I plenty remember the feeling of being there. The feeling of being small, and nearly innocent. Most of the meter when I think of my childhood, I look back on two specific years, kindergarten and first grade, and the summers before and after the two. Both of these took place in Schaumburg, Illinois, in a two-bedroom town-home that I still call my old household even though its not that anymore. Im not sure if these be the years I simply remember the best, or if that was in reality the time I felt most like a child. I had many friends, and we had multitude of time to play games and use our imaginations. Nevertheless, I dont usually reminisce ab expose the shows and mo vies that I used to watch, and certainly not how these things affected me development up. When prompted, however, I can remember specifics. I even fuck off to see how visual texts, like The Little Mermaid and Full House, have influenced me throughout my life and especially in my childhood. I have felt the impact of these things in my life as recently as this year, and I can see not wholly how the shows I watched influenced my behavior, but also that I chose to watch shows and movies that I thought were representative of me. The show I remember watching most is definitely Full House. I mean, I thought I was D.J. Tanner. I had take aim replicas of some of her outfits (like the blue, polka-dot blouse and pants set), and I was constantly asking to have my hair blown out just like hers.... ...less impossible. Full House, The Little Mermaid, and Under the Tuscan Sun all held examples, and lessons that I have often applied to my own life. Whether I was flavour up to straight-laced D.J . Tanner, or the mischievous mermaid named Ariel, these visual texts have been an important influence on my life. All were things to aspire, and look forward to. The things I watched on TV. and in movies as a child definitely helped to shape my individualality and views on life. Equally important are more recent movies and experiences that I can disturb to my childhood favorites. Whether Im looking back to my historical in Schaumburg, or remembering moments as recent as last summer, by analyzing what it is I like about specific visual texts, I can learn a lot about myself. They are all representative of the kind of person I am, and the kind of person that I have constantly wanted to be. The Effect of Full House on My Life Essay -- Sitcom telecasting CompareThe Effect of Full House on My LifeWhen I look back at my childhood, I see it as a highly colored, exaggerated version of what it must have been. Everything seems brighter, and bigger than reality allows. Its the ideal childs world, full of Barbies, dress-up, and playgrounds. But, if I try hard enough, I can remember the feeling of being there. The feeling of being small, and nearly innocent. Most of the time when I think of my childhood, I look back on two specific years, kindergarten and first grade, and the summers before and after the two. Both of these took place in Schaumburg, Illinois, in a two-bedroom town-home that I still call my old house even though its not that anymore. Im not sure if these are the years I simply remember the best, or if that was actually the time I felt most like a child. I had many friends, and we had plenty of time to play games and use our imaginations. Nevertheless, I dont usually reminisce about the shows and movies that I used to watch, and certainly not how these things affected me growing up. When prompted, however, I can remember specifics. I even begin to see how visual texts, like The Little Mermaid and Full House, have influenced me throughout m y life and especially in my childhood. I have felt the impact of these things in my life as recently as this year, and I can see not only how the shows I watched influenced my behavior, but also that I chose to watch shows and movies that I thought were representative of me. The show I remember watching most is definitely Full House. I mean, I thought I was D.J. Tanner. I had exact replicas of some of her outfits (like the blue, polka-dot blouse and pants set), and I was constantly asking to have my hair blown out just like hers.... ...less impossible. Full House, The Little Mermaid, and Under the Tuscan Sun all held examples, and lessons that I have often applied to my own life. Whether I was looking up to straight-laced D.J. Tanner, or the mischievous mermaid named Ariel, these visual texts have been an important influence on my life. All were things to aspire, and look forward to. The things I watched on TV. and in movies as a child definitely helped to shape my personality and views on life. Equally important are more recent movies and experiences that I can relate to my childhood favorites. Whether Im looking back to my past in Schaumburg, or remembering moments as recent as last summer, by analyzing what it is I like about specific visual texts, I can learn a lot about myself. They are all representative of the kind of person I am, and the kind of person that I have always wanted to be.

Tahiti and the French Polynesia :: essays research papers

Spread across nearly 2,000,000 square miles of the South Pacific, in an area as large as the continent of Europe, lies the Territory of French Polynesia and its mavin island, Tahiti. Settlers from Southeast Asia are thought to have first arrived in the Marquesas Islands, in the northeastern part of what is today called French Polynesia, around 300 AD and in the Society Islands, including Tahiti, to the west by about 800 AD. Prior to the first European contact, the islands were ruled by a hierarchy of hereditary tribal chiefs. The first Europeans to encounter the area were the English explorers Samuel Wallis in 1767 and James Cook in 1769. French explorer Louis-Antoine de Bougainville arrived in 1768 and claimed the islands for France. In the late 1700s occasional ships arrived in the islands, most notably the H.M.S. Bounty in 1788, captained by William Bligh. The first missionaries, from the London Missionary Society, arrived in the islands in 1797. By 1815, with the support of th e most powerful ruling family in the islands, the Pomares, the British missionaries had secured a strong influence in much of the Society Islands, doing everything possible to eliminate traditional Polynesian culture by barring traditional trip the light fantastic and music as well as destroying carvings and temples associated with native religion.The French continued to hold influence over the Marquesian Archipelago and eventually were successful in expelling the British and securing influence over much of what today constitutes French Polynesia, leaving the ruling Pomare family as little more than figureheads. In 1880, King Pomare V was forced to abdicate, and a French colony was proclaimed. By 1901, the colony included the Austral Islands, the Gambier Archipelago, the Marquesas Islands, the Society Islands and the Tuamotu atolls to the southeast. The first half of the twentieth century saw periods of nationalistic protest in the colonies which were by then called the tablissemen ts franais dOcanie (French Pacific Settlements).It was not, however, until after World War II, when Tahitians who had served France returned home, that pressure forced the French giving medication to extend French citizenship to all islanders. The first territorial assembly was established in 1946, and by 1949 the islands obtained representation in the French Assembly.In 1957, the territory was officially renamed the Territory of French Polynesia. The Republic of France is represented in the territory by a high commissioner appointed by the Republic. Throughout the second half of the twentieth century, limited autonomy was granted to the territorial government to control socioeconomic policy but not defense, law and order, or foreign affairs.