Lack of Communication Essay

When you join together and form a relationship you become part of something greater. You must work together as a team if either partner disregards the relationship suffers. Given a desire and will to make things better it takes communication. Lack of communication in a relationship can make a person feel lonely and isolated. This could come from being busy with life, lack of love, and word vs. actions. Lack of communication only results in unsuccessful human alliances which cause grief not only to you as an individual, but to others as well. Many couples stop communicating with each other because each they are caught up with doing his/her own thing in life. Whether it is work hobbies, children, and school, among other things there is always an excuse. Just as you budget how you spend your money it is important to remember that budgeting in time for your relationship is important as well. Lack of involvement and communication increases distance in any relationship. If you don’t have quality time and communication your relationship and understanding will start to vanish. When you are no longer in love with your spouse then more than likely you are not communicating with each other. When you are not in love anymore it is a horrible feeling because you become unhappy and negative about the relationship. It’s difficult to realize that you just don’t feel the same way about the man/women you thought you wanted to spend the rest of your life with. Falling out of love is inevitable. So much of how we perceive love is what we have seen or read. Whenever you stop communicating you destroy the love that you have for one another. Moved by emotions and excitement of the situation, you can get carried away with words saying things that later will not be backed by actions. Actions speak louder than words. A person who wants to be in a relationship with you will show you with their actions consistently over time. Words are powerful and they can hurt, heal, build up or tear down, comfort or curse the relationship without the action behind it. Sometimes you come to a point where you may not have anything to talk about. Speaking from experience and research it is because you know each better than you did before. Now a days people believe in personal space, but sometimes too much space widens the gap between people. Express yourself to your mate talk about your problems, share your feelings with each other and cherish those moments of life together. When you take a close look at your relationship communication is the foundation that will strengthen your bond. Without this, your relationship will definitely not be a lasting one.

Our identity is constantly changing Essay

Our identity is constantly changing; we never truly know who we are. In many movies and books we often see the line â€Å"I need to go and find who I really am.† In our society, we understand and relate to the ambition of finding oneself. We also recognize that it is not suggesting that we have misplaced our body or left it behind but that we need to realize our true identity and learn who we are. Identity is defined as the combination of personal, social and cultural experiences that combine to form an individual’s identity. Our identity is determined by what others think of us and the qualities we have. As we grow older we discover new things and how we identify ourselves. Everyone wears a mask of what they think society wants them to be and we need to be able to rip that faà §ade off and show the world of our true identities. Our identity is never still and it never will be, even after we pass away. It is the result of continuous interaction with our surroundings. P eople in our lives such as friends, family, teachers, idols and classmates affect the way we identify ourselves. They are a big factor in building up our identity. In many cases, some people’s identity has been shaken due to poor body image and physical appearance and this has contributed significantly to one’s identity. Events in the past that we have gone through can also have an impact on our identity and how we view it. Death is witnessed all around the world every day. People die due to sickness, war, old age, suicide, fights gone wrong, accidents, and many more ways. If someone close to a person died, it may change the person’s personality and identity entirely. When we learn and understand about our background history and culture. This can sometimes be the wakeup call for people who are lost and are finding out who they truly are. For example; you find out that your grandparent fought in a war to protect his/her country. You feel a sense of pride and are obliged to help your country by joining the navy or army. All individuals make the development from child to teenager to adult. During this growth, our identity is always in movement as we attempt to discover ourselves. As a child, we are moulded by our parent’s beliefs and values. The way we are brought up is crucial to identity development at a young age as we are very strongly influenced by the personalities of those around us. We are encouraged to be like what our parents are like. We aspire to be like them in every way possible. At a young age, toddlers often copy their  parents and follow their actions. Whether it is actions, words or even music, we always copy them and aspire to be like adults around us as we grow up. However, once people reach their teenage years, many people forge their own identity and clash with their parent’s teachings and rebel against them. This is when many teenagers realise that they don’t want to do what their parents want them to do. Usually this is caused by developing any relationship with someone and they change a person’s belief and thoughts introducing them to a new perspective of things. â€Å"True identity is something people must create for themselves by making choices that are significant and that require a courageous commitment in the face of challenges.†- Thomas Merton. This quote shows us that our identity is not something that we are born with and that it can’t change at all, but in fact, our identity is something that changes every minute, after every decision and after every idea we have. In a book called â€Å"Halo† by Zizou Corder, the main character goes on a journey to find herself and throughout the novel; we see her changing into a young woman instead of this child who is innocent and sheltered from evil. We also see that her identity changes as she sees life in a different perspective when she is taken from her family three times, we see her grow into a doctor and find love. She says the line â€Å"until you know who you are, you’re no one† this line shows us that we need to find out who we are. We can go on a long journey and we will still come back home. We never stop moving and always are changing our identity. Our identity is always and constantly changing due to the fact that we never stop learning new things, meeting new people and are always moving. Although many people get confused with the pathway of their identity, they usually find the right way and keep moving forward. People always find who they are and wake up from their rebellious years and find the right path for their future. Our identity always changes in response to life experiences. Everyone wears a mask of what they think society wants them to be and we need to be able to rip that faà §ade off and show the world who we truly are.

Contribute to the Development of the British Empire

However, the other factors that occurred at home which reformed he world of money can be considered as the more significant factor as it aided the scale at which both companies were able to grow. The other various factors that occurred amongst the home front had a huge impact in the development of the British Empire, possibly acting as the most significant. Although having been present before, trading companies really thrived during this period.This was due to a series of revolutionary changes, most notably the change from the medieval regulated trading concerns system to the ‘joint stock'. This now meant that instead of investors pooling heir earnings into one single ship's voyage, they would be investing money in a whole company. This resulted in lower risk investments and due to the notion that smaller investments could be made; more of the population possessed the means to be able to do so, increasing the company's finances which subsequently improved the governments.Also t he development of factors who were the men in charge of the actual trade with the native population became the beginning of permanent European bases overseas whilst factories became the hub of local trade, spreading European influence in native society and economy (as Wilderness's theory states). Also, as London was beginning to become a major trading port it began relying on raw materials from overseas trade. For example by 1 720, 15% of all national import came from India alone. And so with this alarming dependency comes a natural conviction that this supply must be protected.This is significant because one way to protect something is to have control over it, and so it seemed like an almost convenient logic for the British to start thinking about gaining imperial power. These factors are the most significant in the development of the British Empire through trade and commerce. This is cause if it weren't for the ‘joint-stock' System, both companies may not have had the means to be as successful as they were which would have dimmed a development of Empire. Also, the dependency they acquired on foreign materials was one of the main benefactors in their want for imperial control.However, it can be argued that this reliance was caused by the successes of the trade companies such as the ICE and without these, there would be no dependency and so no need for hegemony. The East India Company is a definite factor in the development of the British Empire through trade and commerce. Starting off with simply the intention to read comfortably with the promisingly lucrative East, through its various successes the East India Company did prove to be the starting foundations of English colonialism in India.After a long termed desire to establish a trade with the east, the East India Company was finally developed and launched with an official charter in 1600. As hoped, right from the very start, the company was seeing extremely healthy profits. This then encouraged a 1 6 09 charter which gave the company permanent rights whilst a further charter in 1670 meant that the company could actually make its own laws with an army ND the ability to print money. Both of these events contributed to the development of the British Empire as they became the first signs Of actions which imitated the actions that may be expected of a colonial state.Another subtle indication of the company's intended permanency came through the building of Fort William. However, possibly the most evident way in which the ICE aided the British Empire came in their seek to be granted firm. Firm was mainly needed so that the ICE would have the rights to set up permanent trading bases and factories, both of which would have been essential for effective trade. This meant that through negotiations, they became drawn into local power networks, which politically strengthened their position in India.Also, the prospect of trading bases would definitely intensify the sense of European permanenc e in the East. After a few violent naval battles with the Dutch, the Moguls saw the British as superior and decided to grant them the firm they so desired. This had a couple significant effects. Firstly, it displayed a certain importance of military', but rather naval superiority in getting what is wanted. This was to become a huge factor in the actual placement and sustain of the British Empire.

Movie comment Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Comment - Movie Review Example According to (UTAH ) â€Å" On December 7, 1941. The traumatic mass movement of the Japanese from the West Coast began. Under the infamous Executive Order 9066, the army was empowered to oversee the "enemy alien problem." During this period, the Americans were fighting hard against the Japanese residing in the Pacific ,the Americans had a notion that most of the Japanese were spies and could turn out be a big threat to the nation .(Book mice)claims that â€Å"Although prejudice and discrimination played major roles in the internment, economics and jealousy did also, as many Californians were jealous of the economic success that the Japanese-American farmers and store owners enjoyed† This make it clear that during the Japanese internment period the Americans had a mixed feeling of war threat, national insecurity, jealousy and prejudice running through their head. Answer to question two The movie â€Å"snow falling on cedars† has explicit sex scenes and violence related to Japanese internment. According to (Renteln,618-648) â€Å"In particular, through consideration of various historical documents I argue that a deeply rooted fear of sexual congress between the races consciously or unconsciously motivated some of the actions which led to the internment of 120,000 Japanese Americans†.

Global Business in Emerging Regions Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Global Business in Emerging Regions - Coursework Example China’s economy is worth $17.6 billion which is slightly higher than America’s economy that is worth $17.4 billion. The USA held the top position in world economy for more than 140 years since 1872 when it overtook Europe to become the largest economy. However china has recently overtaken the US economy (Carter, 2014). Although there are doubts about this no, there is no denial of the fact that China has experienced the fastest growth in economy and is likely to remain at very good economic condition for several years to follow. There was a time when China’s goods meant to be associated with cheaply made goods and of poor quality. Things have however started to change with the passage of time. As times have changed, there has been strengthening of the economic base and companies from around the world have started opening their manufacturing base in the country. One of the reasons for so many companies globally to manufacture their goods and products in china is b ecause of the availability of cheap labour and a large consumer base. Through its international trade China has accumulated $1.9 trillion in foreign currencies. The nine key industries are autos, steel making, electrolytic aluminium, rare earth, IT, cement and ship building (Jianfeng, 2013). The issue with China’s heavy industries is that it is plagued by over capacity. The business environment in China is shaped and shrouded in mystery. However consumers behave pretty much the same everywhere and the competition is also similar from one country to another. To understand the Chinese market one needs to understand the big trends that are shaping the Chinese market. These trends are like the big tectonic plates under the earth’s surface. If one begins to understand and appreciate these trends then the within the chaotic scenario that exists on the top actual picture can be deciphered. These trends play a major role as

The security properties of network applications Assignment

The security properties of network applications - Assignment Example That is; confidentiality, integrity and availability of data to the right person. Not only will this report cover the network applications security, but it will also look into the network applications architecture and how this architecture can be best implemented so as to ensure data confidentiality, data integrity and data availability. For this case study, BF is a social network application that aids individuals to have a social forum with other people. Through that, an interested individual will have to register with BF so that they can be in a position to communicate with other individuals through the use of text and sending of images and videos. 1.2 Application description What are network applications? These are programs that run on a network and they allow for more than one user to have access to the program. Network applications can either be run online or offline. Offline network applications can be related to programs such as Office. These programs can be installed and/ or networked from the main server so that they can allow more that one individual to have access to using the program. When it comes to online network applications, these are applications that need an online server and a client; both of which must communicate in real time else they will no longer be referred to as online network applications. In this case, there is a server which is located in the data centre. The server stores all the relevant data and information that may be queried by a client. The client on most occasions could be a web browser or another computer/ laptop/ or gadget. How does BF work? What is the user experience of BF? Based on the above application description, the same ideology can be applied to our case; that is the BF social network application program. It is important to note that BF also uses the same application description where there exists a server and a client. The servers (s) are always located in the data centre. This is to ensure that they are not acc essed by individuals who are not authorised to come into contact with them. In addition to that, the client in this instance will be the web browser that the user will use so as to key in the Universal Resource Locator (URL) of BF. Example: http: //www.BF.com Once the user hits the search button from their web browser, that will send a request for the search of the URL (http: //www.BF.com) and the corresponding BF server will respond to the request by providing that particular web page that the user searched for. After that, the user will register/ sign up with BF by providing their personal details such as: their email address, physical address and real names. Assumptions made about BF: Based on the BF social network application program, some of the assumptions that can be made include: Communication concurrency: Due to the fact that BF is an online social network application, information is prone to be exchanged between the server and the client. With that, communication concurren cy should be adhered to strictly. An assumption is that the lack of communication concurrency between the server and the client will lead to data loss. Stability: Stability is critical to a social network application program. Lack of stability can cause huge losses due to downtime of the program. This is majorly caused when the servers cannot handle user’s overwhelming requests. Data security: There is exchange of data between the server and the client. Therefore, data security should be critically analysed. An assumption is

Human resource development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Human resource development - Essay Example Next, it will be presumed the possible effectiveness and ineffectiveness of E-HRM and finally, the details of appropriateness and inappropriateness of practical E-HRM will be stated. Reul et al. (2004) presume that the essence of E-HRM technology lies with the implementation of E-HRM technology in accordance with the requirements of the organization’s HR business. The purpose of E-HRM can be defined from three perspectives like operational E-HRM, relational E-HRM and transformational E-HRM. Operational E-HRM more specifically relates to functional administrations. In this genre, E-HRM is generally used to do stuff like payrolls which are personal data of employees. For example, today many Australian companies implement Affinity Payroll System, which is convenient for most complicated pay conditions and assimilates wizards and workflow to eliminate manual input. It ensures accuracy and saves time thus helping Australian companies to achieve controllable targets. It also decreases related stress, paperwork and rework. Besides, E-HRM technology supports the relational HRM work like performance, appraisal, recruitment and training. Australian Human Resource I nstitute extensively utilizes e-training and e-learning foundations to prepare employees for maximum business activities. Instead of the regular functioning of human resource department, intranet can be used to implement training and skill learning techniques. Meanwhile, transformational E-HRM strategically manages the transactional activities of HR. With proper development of E-HRM technology, it can be used as a platform to bring about transformational change to enhance the operational functions of HR in business transactions (Foster, 2009). In the future, E-tech can improve HR decision support and distributions transactions of a new business transaction program of Qantas to attain the planned growth and maintain sustainability and

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 14

Marketing - Essay Example Coffee is its main strength and that is considered a supplement/complement to retail services. Its retail presence is strong in North America but limited to that region. China is expected to become the company’s second largest market. Euromonitor Internationl: Global Company Profile, p. 5, 2007) refers to Euromonitor International Asia-Pacific and reports that China is â€Å"expected to have one of the lowest forecast growth rates for fresh coffee, the category in which the company operates (12% over the 2005-2010 period compared to world growth of 13% over the same period) and the company is up against some strong competitors in hot drinks.† Berger, Buchman, Chase et al (n.d.) gives a PEST analysis: Porter’s 5 Forces Analysis—deals with factors that are outside of an industry but has an influence of what goes on within, or the microenvironment, that determines how firms compete. These are the forces that drive

Restorative Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Restorative Justice - Essay Example According to Sherman and Tyler, â€Å"To have a more effective strategy for dealing with the issue of public compliance we would benefit from being in the situation in which people have additional reason for obeying the law beyond their fear of being caught and punished for wrong doing† (Tyler 310). The day-by-day progression of wrong doings in the American Society compelled all stakeholders to address this alarming trend in a befitting manner. Besides punishments awarded to the offenders by the competent court of law in shape of fine, term imprisonment, life imprisonment and death penalty as the case may be, the rehabilitation centers role to make them useful citizens of the society cannot be denied (Tyler 310). The restorative justice system has the capacity and the capability to effectively deal with the social evils of the society and to inculcate confidence amongst the law-abiding citizens. According to French & Raven, â€Å"the legitimate authority is an authority regar ded by people as entitled to have their decisions and rules accepted and followed by others† (Tyler 311). ... ve justice to arrange meetings of the offenders with the victims to sort out the issue amicably by offering them compensation in lieu of the damages done to their assets. It can be a successful model for resolution of conflict and repairing of harm since people are losing confidence in the criminal justice system. According to Weber, â€Å"The roots of modern discussion of legitimacy are usually traced by the important writings of Weber on authority and dynamics of social authority (Tyler 311). 2. What safeguards, rights and systems of accountability would you need to consider when training and using facilitators in Restorative Justice processes set among prisoners and people who have been involved in armed conflicts? Following factors are to be taken into account while training the trainer for the Restorative Justice Process as described in the report of the Training and Accreditation Policy Development Group (2004, pp. 7): a) effective communication skills b) safe environment c) t reat people fairly without discrimination on the basis of gender, age, ethnicity, culture and crime committed d) maintain confidentiality e) ability to determine self knowledge, experience and confidence in handling specific cases f) work as a co-practitioner when need arises g) conduct initial risk assessment h) examine the responsibility for the harm i) pin point the risk of emotional and physical harm to participants j) willingness to engage respectfully k) opportunities for expression and exchange of feelings l) get the harm related needs met as far as it can m) guide practitioners for sharing personal information with regard to domestic violence n) communication skills, first language, culture, socio economic status, physique, age o) pre-defined roles of victim and offender inclusive of

Fad diet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Fad diet - Essay Example She began drinking nothing but a mixture of maple syrup and lemon water for days. She would supplement this with cabbage soup. Occasionally, she would buy The Hollywood forty-eight hour Miracle Diet juice at Walgreens. She would count fat grams, sugar grams, calories and carbohydrates. June became a fad diet junkie. Many young women undergo the same kind of social segregation because of their body sizes and shapes (Moyad, 2005). Other than the potential physical health complications that obesity poses to millions of citizens around the states, the reported social view of the obese adds another danger of psychological health risks to the obese. For this reason, many people, especially the youth and young adults have resorted to fad dieting oblivious of the effects of such choices (Fineberg, 1972). The research looks at the rationale of fad dieting. It gives answers the question: Is fad diet really an effective way of losing weight and becoming slim, attractive and fit or is it just some fantasy people are living in? The topic of study is important given the rumored health risks associated with the practice. There are claims that fad diet is merely an illusion of getting slim. In fact it is hazardous to health and a waste of time and money. In fact later it results in more over weightiness then before. At the same time, some people report that they actually lose weight through fad dieting. Irrespective of the results of fad dieting, there is another problem of inconsistency of the diet one is supposed to stick to. There is need to research the issue of fad dieting so as to help generate a standard, helpful diet or discourage the practice if it poses more dangers than benefits (Calman, Hauser, Lurio, & Pichardo, 2008). With the current state of improved information technology, there is so much information available to people, but that does not enhance people’s knowledge. The internet has myriad of

Limited War Strategy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Limited War Strategy - Research Paper Example One of the important aspects of this war is the manner in which its history has been written. This paper shall look at two histories of the war-one written by Dwight Jon Zimmerman and the other by George Moss. The former is a graphic history and the latter is a conventional history written in the format of a textbook. These entail many differences in the kind of issues that they deal with and the emphases that they place on certain issues. George Moss’s account deals with issues of the policies that were adopted during the period from 1965 to 1967. The policies are what the emphasis is laid on and the methods used to illustrate these events are exactly that - illustrations. They are not looked at as events in themselves but as illustrations of larger political policies that were important at a certain point in history (Moss). However, in Zimmerman’s account, there is a fundamental difference. The emphasis is laid on the individual battles that were fought and the battal ions that were part of these particular battles (Zimmerman). This emphasis makes the history much more approachable and makes the history one that has characters who are very human rather than figures of political authority who do not seem to have a personality to speak of. This is a view of history that incorporates the views of the masses as well as opposed to one which is based exclusively on a textbook format. The episode that Zimmerman talks of where General Westmoreland and his men establish good relations with the villagers in Vietnam so as to take their interests into account while fighting battles seems to be included having taking into account the format of the book (Zimmerman). This episode can be depicted much better in a graphic format, and the portrayal of individual relations between the soldiers and the villagers that the author wishes to demonstrate works better through the graphic format that he adopts. In the case of George Moss, there is a description of the tuss le between Douglas MacArthur and Harry S. Truman (Moss). This exemplifies the spirit of the textbook where there is an understanding of history as it happened involving the larger players like the politicians. The understanding of history is from above rather than from below. This is not to say that the graphic format is the best. There is a great deal of the larger picture that is lost when the graphic method is employed. Political machinations and their effects on the people are usually lost in Zimmerman’s account. These can be better understood through Moss’s account through a description of the limited war theories that he explains in words. This loss is then sought to be made up through pictures but the political complexity of the war is lost to a certain extent. Zimmerman highlights certain sections of the text so as to capture the attention of the reader. Certain abbreviations like Combined Action Platoon (CAP) are printed in bold face (Zimmerman). This makes it clear that the aim of the narrative is not merely to entertain but also to educate. Such aspects of the narrative make it clear that graphic history and conventional textbook histories are meant to complement each other and not exist in isolation from each other. The illustrations serve the purpose of humanizing the entire narrative and also make it possible for younger readers to understand and know the details of the Vietnam War. There

Pre-Destination V.S Free

Pre-Destination V.S Free Will Essay For years Christians have argued about what role God has in humans attaining salvation. The most popular belief in American culture is the concept of free will. Free will is the belief that coming to Christ and being saved is a freewill choice of the person. Most churches believe this concept to be true at least to some degree. The other belief is the concept of Predestination. Predestination is the belief that God chooses who to save and who to damn. The biggest denomination in the United States that believes this is the Calvinists or more commonly known as the Reformed denomination. The debate will probably continue for many years to come. By reading Romans 9:1-29 we can tell clearly which concept Paul believes to be true. While I read Romans 9:1-29 I kept clearly in my mind the two beliefs of freewill and predestination. After reading it was apparent to me that Paul believes strongly in predestination. This, in my opinion, goes against human nature. I, at least, find it very hard to believe that if God chooses not to extend grace to a person that person cannot attain salvation no matter what they believe or what they do. Paul uses an example about Jacob and Esau. In Romans 9: 10-13 Paul uses Malachi 1:2-3 that says that â€Å" I have loved Jacob, but I have loved Jacob† Paul then says that God had decided that before they were even born so as it says in verse 11-12 â€Å" that Gods purpose of election might continue, not by works, but by his call. † If Paul is right about this and you interpret the Bible literally than predestination has to be true. It is completely possible that Paul is biased though when writing about predestination. Paul believes strongly in salvation by faith not works. In Romans 3: 27- 28 Paul says â€Å"Where, then, is boasting? It is excluded. Because of what law? The law that requires works? No, because of the law that requires faith. For we maintain that a person is justified by faith apart from the works of the law. † This is just one of many examples of how much Paul hates the idea of faith by works. There are many other examples of this in books written by Paul outside of Romans that convey the same message. Since Paul believes strongly in salvation by faith this would, in theory, make him lean towards predestination. Freewill means that we as humans make a choice to believe in God and be saved. Paul would see this as an example of justification by works and he clearly states in Ephesians 2:8-9 â€Å"For it is by grace you have been saved, through faith and this is not from yourselves, it is the gift of God not by works, so that no one can boast. † Paul believes that nothing we can do nothing to save ourselves which is the main idea of freewill. This makes Paul potentially biased toward predestination. I believe that this passage isnt trying to address personal salvation as a main point, but I think we infer Pauls view on personal salvation through the verse. I believe that Paul was more trying to point out that we can do nothing to save ourselves. It is completely up to God. Paul was trying to stress that firstly, but then through that seems to make a case, as far as personal salvation goes, for predestination. He specifically mentions how he picked Jacob over Esau. If God chooses individually like that then I, at least, deduce from this passage according to Paul that God must choose who to save on a personal level. My rational human side tells me that predestination cannot be right, but then I read Romans and Paul says that predestination is right and freewill is wrong. The question then is if I believe Paul just because that is his opinion, even though it is most likely biased, or do I believe what seems right to me? Im still torn between the two because what I want to believe is contradicted by Paul. Maybe well never know for sure because the concept of God is impossible for our minds to completely understand in the first place.

Key Economic Theories Of Price Fixing Economics Essay

Key Economic Theories Of Price Fixing Economics Essay 2A. Features of an oligopoly and key economic theories of price fixing : Introduction : This part of the coursework aims to identify the key features of oligopolistic competition in market and the economic theories related to price fixing. In monopoly one company controls the major market share while in oligopoly; market is controlled by more than one firm or a group of small firms. This analysis describes the features of oligopoly and kinked demand curve in oligopolistic situation. It also explains the pricing theories in context with game theory and Nash Equilibrium. Oligopoly : In oligopoly, large percentage of market is captured by leading firms, producing same product or services. Such firms agree to cooperate and act as single monopoly thus making a cartel to generate maximum profits. Key features of oligopoly are: Same product or service by the group of dominated firms. Branded product by each firm. Entry barriers. Interdependence among the firms. Non-price competition. Small firms may exist in oligopoly but the market is usually controlled by large players having more than half of the industry output. Each firm produces branded product, therefore creating high competition resulting in high marketing and advertising costs. Entry barriers such as government regulations, patents, setup cost and undivided resource ownership, restricts a new entrant to enter the oligopolistic market. Interdependence means that each firm must take into account the likely reactions of other firms in the market when making pricing and investment decisions (Begg Ward). Such an uncertainty in market can be resolved by the use of game theory which is applied by a firm taking account of the decisions made by the rival firm. Non-price competition among the oligopolistic firms, aim at increasing their market share significantly e.g. media advertising, promotional offers and discounts, use of technology, customer friendly services such as self scanning machines and customer loyalty benefits etc. Kinked demand curve theory According to Paul Sweezys assumptions, if an oligopolistic raises its price, the rivals are unlikely to follow the same suit because keeping the prices constant will increase their market share. Revenue of the firm that raised its price will fall by fairly large amount, making the demand curve relatively elastic. However if the firm reduces the prices, it is highly likely that the competitors will also reduce the prices. Source: Tutor2u Limited,2010 This non-collusive theory explains the stability once the price is set but fails to explain how the stable price is achieved. In oligopolistic situation; each company has an option either to start a price war with the rival or to cooperate. Game theory deals with the prediction of probable outcomes of the games of strategy in which rivals have incomplete information about others intensions e.g. Prisoners dilemma is a situation in which two suspects are interrogated in separate rooms, depicts an example of game theory. Each suspect has simple options either confesses and bears the consequences or denies and hopes the other has also done the same. To explain which strategy the firms will adopt can be explained by Nash equilibrium, in which each firm considers its rivals response before taking their own strategy.(Begg Ward,p.131) Equilibrium occurs when each player takes the best possible action for themselves given the action of the other player. Nash equilibrium is a situation in which none of the firms could improve pay-off, given the rivals strategies e.g. firm A would not be able to improve profits , given firm Bs strategy and vice versa. Each firm may indulge in high or low price strategies. If both firms collude to adopt high price strategy, both would yield above normal profits and if both adopt low price strategies, both would yield normal profits. Suppose in long run, each firm fails to trust the rival and indulge in low price strategy to increase its profits and the rival adheres to the high price than the rival may face heavy loss. Such a fear that the rival may adopt a damaging strategy exists within the firms and it is therefore in the interest of both the firms to adopt a low price strategy. Such a situation is called Maximin strategy where the player adopting the strategy yields maximum profits, assuming that the rival may inflict maximum damage. At times a group of oligopolists engage in an overt agreement to fix the prices and the level of production. Such an overt collusion, in order to act as a monopolist, is called collusive oligopoly and aims to earn maximum profits by restricting the production and increasing the prices. Price changes of one firm are sometimes matched by the other firm and the firm initiating the price change is called price leader; such collusion is called as tacit collusion. Rectangle abcd depicts the cartels profits. Cartels are likely to break in long run as the members are intended to cheat sometime or the other by increasing production. By producing more output than decided, the member can increase its share from cartels profit. If each member cheats than cartel ends up in earning monopoly profits and thereby leaving no reason for the firm to remain in the cartel. Conclusion Interdependence is the key feature of oligopolistic market. The outcome of any strategy by a firm is uncertain and the price competition may lead to price-war. Entry barriers help the dominant firms to maintain their control over the market. Formation of cartels may yield short term gains but are hazardous in long run. It is also observed that non-price competition may benefit oligopolists to increase market share and sustain in long term. 2B.Extent to which telecom sector in India is an oligopoly and price determination strategy Introduction Indian Telecommunication industry is the second largest and fastest telecom industry in the world with around 706.37 Million telephone (landline and mobile) subscribers and 670.60 Million mobile phone connections as of Aug2010.Dominance of few major players has made this sector perfect case of Oligopoly in India. Due to the presence of limited number of players, each player is aware of the rivals actions and therefore the decisions of one firm is affected by the action of the other firm. Service Provider wise Market Share as on 31-7-2010 Source: Telecom Regulatory Authority of India Concentration Ratio Players Market Share(%) Bharti (Airtel) 21.34 Reliance 17.37 Vodafone 17.08 Tata 11.47 Concentration Ratio 67.26 Table above shows that four firm concentration ratio is above 40% Barriers to entry in Telecom The high entry barriers in telecom sector as mentioned below turns the market oligopolistic in nature. High capital investment required by the new entrant for initial setup competition with well established operators Airtel, Vodafone, Reliance and Tata license fee on revenue sharing basis plus one time entry fee continuously emerging technology e.g. VOIP,3G lowest tariffs in the world acquiring spectrum high initial operating losses. Lower rates makes it longer for the new entrant to achieve equilibrium as most new subscribers churn from one network to another. Low Tariffs: Facet of Competition Indian telecommunications is the lowest cost market in the world. The cut throat competition among operators has left no scope of having single price leader in market as all the operators compete for lower prices and high customer base. Increased number of players has resulted in increased price wars among the competitors, with consumer being the beneficiary. Such factors declines the profit margins which are expected to consolidate the industry. Offset of price wars In mid nineties, at the start of cellular services in India, operators used to charge heavily for the incoming calls on their network. After the launch of BSNLs free incoming call facility, other operators followed the same suit. Still the major chunk of customer remained with BSNL due to its low call rates and better network coverage. With the launch of Reliance Communications as a new telecom giant, teledensity in India raised enormously to 8.2% in 2004 from that of 2.32% in 1999 and to 54.10% in April 2010 (as per TRAI).Introduction of low cost cellular services, along with handset, made Reliance the price leader in telecom industry attracting a huge chunk of customer base. Other leading service providers like Airtel, Vodafone and Hutch had to match their prices with that of Reliance. To monitor and regulate the irregularities in tariffs charged by telecom operators, Telecom Regulatory Authority of India was formed by the government of India. The Telecommunication Tariff Order 1999 started declining tariffs and influenced the rapid growth of cellular phone users. TRAI is also responsible to monitor and prevent the formation of cartels by cellular operators in the cover of associations such as COAI and AUSPI. Source: Telecom Regulatory Authority of India Source: Telecom Regulatory Authority of India Graphs show the percentage decline in national and international call rates. This occurred due to intense competition that generated after TRAI regulations. Steps taken by TRAI that affected tariffs: Interconnect Usage Charge payable by one operator to another for using their network Reduction in Access Deficit Charge also contributed in bringing down the call rates Calling Party Pays regime fixed low termination charges further reduced prices Unified Access Service License gave operators the privilege to determine tariffs Impact of price-war Price war among operators hits the revenue growth significantly. For the new entrants, the break-even point at which expenses equals revenue also increases. The decline in prices due to competition increases the consumer base to unsustainable levels. Previous data suggests that only 50% of the subscribers are new and the rest are either churning the network or keeping an additional connection. Graph shows increase in demand with decrease in price Table below shows market revenue growth in terms of MRPU. major players.jpg Marginal Revenues Per Minutes (MRPU) Graph below depicts the growth in usage actuated by reduction in tariffs. Apart from low call rates, reduced cost of handsets and free handset facility by service providers also contributed to the increase in customer base. Source: Telecom Regulatory Authority of India Non-Price Competition Recent launch of per second billing option by Tata, pushed its rivals to indulge in non-price competition. Most of the operators have now started offering similar per second billing to its customers and this has resulted in creating more pressure on margins. Value added services and customer friendly facilities like online payment, internet access and better network coverage constituted in non-price competition. Conclusion The above research and analysis of data implies that Indian telecom industry exist in oligopolistic situation where few major players are having large share of the market. Strategic change of one operator impacts the strategy of other players, resulting in interdependence among operators. High entry barriers restrict new entrants to enter the industry and regulatory authority like TRAI monitors the formation of cartel in the industry. Analysis also shows that competition in oligopolists is not only due to price-wars but other factors such as better services and low cost of handsets also influence a large customer base.

The Algorithm of Gaussian Elimination

The Algorithm of Gaussian Elimination In linear algebra, Gaussian elimination is an algorithm for solving systems of linear equations, finding the rank of a matrix, and calculating the inverse of an invertible square matrix. Gaussian elimination is named after German mathematician and scientist Carl Friedrich Gauss. GAUSS / JORDAN (G / J) is a method to find the inverse of the matrices using elementary operations on the matrices.To find the rank of a matrix we use gauss Jordan elimination metod but we use gauss Jordan method in case we have to find only the inverse of the invertible matrix. Algorithm overview Algorithm of gauss Jordan method is simple. We have to make the matrix an identity matrix using elementary operation on it. It is firstly written in the form of AI=A We will firstly write the upper equation and then perform elementary operation the right hand side matrix matrix and simultaneously on identity matrix to obtain following matrix. I=A A-1 The process of Gaussian elimination has two parts. The first part (Forward Elimination) reduces a given system to either triangular or echelon form, or results in a degenerate equation with no solution, indicating the system has no solution. This is accomplished through the use of elementary row operations. The second step uses back substitution to find the solution of the system above. Stated equivalently for matrices, the first part reduces a matrix to row echelon form using elementary row operations while the second reduces it to reduced row echelon form, or row canonical form. Another point of view, which turns out to be very useful to analyze the algorithm, is that Gaussian elimination computes a matrix decomposition. The three elementary row operations used in the Gaussian elimination (multiplying rows, switching rows, and adding multiples of rows to other rows) amount to multiplying the original matrix with invertible matrices from the left. The first part of the algorithm computes an LU decomposition, while the second part writes the original matrix as the product of a uniquely determined invertible matrix and a uniquely determined reduced row-echelon matrix. Gaussian elimination In linear algebra, Gaussian elimination is an algorithm for solving systems of linear equations, finding the rank of a matrix, and calculating the inverse of an invertible square matrix. Gaussian elimination is named after German mathematician and scientist Carl Friedrich Gauss, which makes it an example of Stiglers law. Elementary row operations are used to reduce a matrix to row echelon form. Gauss-Jordan elimination, an extension of this algorithm, reduces the matrix further to reduced row echelon form. Gaussian elimination alone is sufficient for many applications, and is cheaper than the -Jordan version. History The method of Gaussian elimination appears in Chapter Eight, Rectangular Arrays, of the important Chinese mathematical text Jiuzhang suanshu or The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art. Its use is illustrated in eighteen problems, with two to five equations. The first reference to the book by this title is dated to 179 CE, but parts of it were written as early as approximately 150 BCE. It was commented on by Liu Hui in the 3rd century. The method in Europe stems from the notes of Isaac Newton.In 1670, he wrote that all the algebra books known to him lacked a lesson for solving simultaneous equations, which Newton then supplied. Cambridge University eventually published the notes as Arithmetica Universalis in 1707 long after Newton left academic life. The notes were widely imitated, which made (what is now called) Gaussian elimination a standard lesson in algebra textbooks by the end of the 18th century. Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1810 devised a notation for symmetric elimination that was adopted in the 19th century by professional hand computers to solve the normal equations of least-squares problems. The algorithm that is taught in high school was named for Gauss only in the 1950s as a result of confusion over the history of the subject Algorithm overview The process of Gaussian elimination has two parts. The first part (Forward Elimination) reduces a given system to either triangular or echelon form, or results in a degenerate equation with no solution, indicating the system has no solution. This is accomplished through the use of elementary row operations. The second step uses back substitution to find the solution of the system above. Stated equivalently for matrices, the first part reduces a matrix to row echelon form using elementary row operations while the second reduces it to reduced row echelon form, or row canonical form. Another point of view, which turns out to be very useful to analyze the algorithm, is that Gaussian elimination computes a matrix decomposition. The three elementary row operations used in the Gaussian elimination (multiplying rows, switching rows, and adding multiples of rows to other rows) amount to multiplying the original matrix with invertible matrices from the left. The first part of the algorithm computes an LU decomposition, while the second part writes the original matrix as the product of a uniquely determined invertible matrix and a uniquely determined reduced row-echelon matrix. Example Suppose the goal is to find and describe the solution(s), if any, of the following system of linear equations: The algorithm is as follows: eliminate x from all equations below L1, and then eliminate y from all equations below L2. This will put the system into triangular form. Then, using back-substitution, each unknown can be solved for. In the example, x is eliminated from L2 by adding to L2. x is then eliminated from L3 by adding L1 to L3. Formally: The result is: Now y is eliminated from L3 by adding 4L2 to L3: The result is: This result is a system of linear equations in triangular form, and so the first part of the algorithm is complete. The last part, back-substitution, consists of solving for the knowns in reverse order. It can thus be seen that Then, z can be substituted into L2, which can then be solved to obtain Next, z and y can be substituted into L1, which can be solved to obtain The system is solved. Some systems cannot be reduced to triangular form, yet still have at least one valid solution: for example, if y had not occurred in L2 and L3 after the first step above, the algorithm would have been unable to reduce the system to triangular form. However, it would still have reduced the system to echelon form. In this case, the system does not have a unique solution, as it contains at least one free variable. The solution set can then be expressed parametrically (that is, in terms of the free variables, so that if values for the free variables are chosen, a solution will be generated). In practice, one does not usually deal with the systems in terms of equations but instead makes use of the augmented matrix (which is also suitable for computer manipulations). For example: Therefore, the Gaussian Elimination algorithm applied to the augmented matrix begins with: which, at the end of the first part(Gaussian elimination, zeros only under the leading 1) of the algorithm, looks like this: That is, it is in row echelon form. At the end of the algorithm, if the Gauss-Jordan elimination(zeros under and above the leading 1) is applied: That is, it is in reduced row echelon form, or row canonical form. Example of Gauss Elimination method!!! (To solve System of Linear Equations) One simple example of G/J row operations is offered immediately above the pivoting reference; an example is below: Below is a system of equations which we will solve using G/J step 1 Below is the 1st augmented matrix :pivot on the 1 encircled in red Row operations for the 1st pivoting are named below Next we pivot on the number 5in the 2-2 position, encircled below Below is the result of performing P1 on the element in the 2-2 position. Next we must perform P2 Row operations of P2 are below The result of the 2nd pivoting is below. Now pivot on -7 encircled in red Using P1 below we change -7to 1 Below is the result of performing P1 on -7 in the 3-3 position. Next we must perform P2 Row operations of P2 are below The result of the third (and last) pivoting is below with 33 ISM matrix in blue Step [3] of G/J Re-writing the final matrix as equations gives the solution to the original system Other applications Finding the inverse of a matrix Suppose A is a matrix and you need to calculate its inverse. The identity matrix is augmented to the right of A, forming a matrix (the block matrix B = [A,I]). Through application of elementary row operations and the Gaussian elimination algorithm, the left block of B can be reduced to the identity matrix I, which leaves A 1 in the right block of B. If the algorithm is unable to reduce A to triangular form, then A is not invertible. General algorithm to compute ranks and bases The Gaussian elimination algorithm can be applied to any matrix A. If we get stuck in a given column, we move to the next column. In this way, for example, some matrices can be transformed to a matrix that has a reduced row echelon form like (the *s are arbitrary entries). This echelon matrix T contains a wealth of information about A: the rank of A is 5 since there are 5 non-zero rows in T; the vector space spanned by the columns of A has a basis consisting of the first, third, fourth, seventh and ninth column of A (the columns of the ones in T), and the *s tell you how the other columns of A can be written as linear combinations of the basis columns. Analysis Gaussian elimination to solve a system of n equations for n unknowns requires n(n+1) / 2 divisions, (2n3 + 3n2 5n)/6 multiplications, and (2n3 + 3n2 5n)/6 subtractions,[3] for a total of approximately 2n3 / 3 operations. So it has a complexity of . This algorithm can be used on a computer for systems with thousands of equations and unknowns. However, the cost becomes prohibitive for systems with millions of equations. These large systems are generally solved using iterative methods. Specific methods exist for systems whose coefficients follow a regular pattern (see system of linear equations). The Gaussian elimination can be performed over any field. Gaussian elimination is numerically stable for diagonally dominant or positive-definite matrices. For general matrices, Gaussian elimination is usually considered to be stable in practice if you usepartial pivoting as described below, even though there are examples for which it is unstable. Gauss-Jordan elimination In linear algebra, Gauss-Jordan elimination is an algorithm for getting matrices in reduced row echelon form using elementary row operations. It is variation of Gaussian elimination. Gaussian elimination places zeros below each pivot in the matrix, starting with the top row and working downwards. Matrices containing zeros below each pivot are said to be in row echelon form. Gauss-Jordan elimination goes a step further by placing zeros above and below each pivot; such matrices are said to be in reduced row echelon form. Every matrix has a reduced row echelon form, and Gauss-Jordan elimination is guaranteed to find it. It is named after Carl Friedrich Gauss and Wilhelm Jordan because it is a variation of Gaussian elimination as Jordan described in 1887. However, the method also appears in an article by Clasen published in the same year. Jordan and Clasen probably discovered Gauss-Jordan elimination independently.[1] Computer sciences complexity theory shows Gauss-Jordan elimination to have a time complexity of O(n3) for an n by n matrix (using Big O Notation. This result means it is efficiently solvable for most practical purposes. As a result, it is often used in computer software for a diverse set of applications. However, it is often an unnecessary step past Gaussian elimination. Gaussian elimination shares Gauss-Jordons time complexity of O(n3) but is generally faster. Therefore, in cases in which achieving reduced row echelon form over row echelon form is unnecessary, Gaussian elimination is typically preferred.[citation needed] Application to finding inverses If Gauss-Jordan elimination is applied on a square matrix, it can be used to calculate the matrixs inverse. This can be done by augmenting the square matrix with the identity matrix of the same dimensions and applying the following matrix operations: If the original square matrix, A, is given by the following expression: Then, after augmenting by the identity, the following is obtained: By performing elementary row operations on the [AI] matrix until it reaches reduced row echelon form, the following is the final result: The matrix augmentation can now be undone, which gives the following: A matrix is non-singular (meaning that it has an inverse matrix) if and only if the identity matrix can be obtained using only elementary row operations. Example of Gauss Jordan method!!! (To Simply Find Inverse of a Matrix) If the original square matrix, A, is given by the following expression: Then, after augmenting by the identity, the following is obtained: By performing elementary row operations on the [AI] matrix until it reaches reduced row echelon form, the following is the final result: The matrix augmentation can now be undone, which gives the following:

Understanding Vs. Knowing in Atwood’s Oryx and Crake Essay -- Literary

It is often simpler to settle for an understanding of the world and people around us instead of trying to know the truth. Truth has consequences; by knowing too much, one can lose a friend, learn a deadly secret, or become someone they do not want to be. To express his understanding of himself and the world around him, Crake in Oryx and Crake uses quote-bearing fridge magnets. One very important quote is â€Å"We understand more than we know†. It is important to recognize the difference between the terms "understand" and "know"; the Oxford English Dictionary defines "to understand" as to perceive the significance, explanation, or cause of, whereas "to know" is to be absolutely certain or sure about something. There is certainly a difference, as understanding suggests ideas, and knowledge suggests facts. Prior to the Crake's devastation of the human race in Oryx and Crake, characters understand more than they know in their awareness of human nature. However, the only survivors of this catastrophe are those who, inversely, know more than they understand. This means that Crake, Oryx, and Jimmy have an astute understanding of the world around them, but only later do Snowman and the Crakers show the importance of knowledge in surviving as a species. Crake believes he knows the problems with humankind, and that he also has the solutions. He views humanity as destructive, inefficient, and unsatisfied, and uses his understanding of these flaws to destroy the human race. His scientific background leads him to very accurately understand the biological and psychological characteristics of the human mind and body, of humanity as a whole, but also specifically of his friend Jimmy. Crake understands physical attraction and sex from a strictly ... ...how a newfound capacity to know more than they understand, suggesting the success of humans as a species may rely on never reaching (or never reaching for) a full understanding. Perhaps we should be accepting simply knowing as principle. Works Cited Atwood, Margaret. Oryx and Crake. 1st ed. New York, New York/United States: First Anchor Books, 2004. 374. Print. Davis, Roger. ""a white illusion of a man": Snowman, Survival, and Speculation in Margaret Atwood's "Oryx and Crake"." Hosting the Monster. Ed. Holly Lynn Baumgarter. 1st ed. New York, New York/United States: Rodopi, 2008. 260. Web. 28 May 2012. DiMarco, Danette. "Paradice Lost, Paradise Regained: Homo Faber and the Makings of a New Beginning in Oryx and Crake." Papers on Language & Literature 41 (2005): n.pag. Web. 27 May 2012. Reizner, Chelsea. "Fridge Magnets." (2007): Web. Mar. 2012.

Marijuana as a Subculture Essay -- expository essay

A subculture is a group of people who share a distinctive set of cultural beliefs and behaviors that differ in some significant way from that of larger society. Marijuana smokers can be considered a subculture for many reasons. Marijuana is used by millions of people around the world, either for recreational, spiritual, or therapeutic reasons. Some call themselves the cannabis connoisseurs; people who respect cannabis and use it responsibly. Few drugs have been so politicized recently as marijuana has. It is frequently praised by one side and condemned by the other, on the basis of emotional issues rather than an objective view of research. It was 1920 when smoking began to catch on in the United States. Its recreational use was restricted to jazz musicians and people in show business. â€Å"Reefer songs† became the rage of the jazz world. Marijuana clubs, called tea pads, appeared in every major city across the country. Authorities tolerated these establishments because it was not illegal or considered a social threat. In the early 1930’s marijuana became stereotyped as a violent drug, and by 1936 was illegal in all states. Marijuana research was at a stand still and the thought of it being a violent drug faded and the idea that it was a gateway drug emerged in the late 1940’s early 1950’s. In the 1960’s marijuana became very popular among the young college crowd. This was looked at as a challenge to authority and the government. The effects of marijuana are minimal. The high has a feeling of euphoria, peacefulness and well-being. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the active chemical in marijuana. It’s estimated that a person would have to ingest a dose 20,000 to 40,000 times the average dose before death would occur. In the early 1990’s sophisticated research on marijuana began. The scientists discovered THC stimulates special receptors in the brain. Researchers have now isolated a natural substance that appears to produce the same effects as THC in the brain. Recently the medical uses of marijuana are being more and more accepted, and many marijuana smokers wonder how it can be harmful if it helps/treats patients. Marijuana smokers are a subculture because they share sets of beliefs, values, language, and other things that are different from the views of the larger society. They look at things another way because they are pro marijuana, which differs from t... ... believes this to be very true. But the smokers do not want to be associated with the â€Å"pothead† stereotype. They want very much to destroy the connection of marijuana with the tie-dyed, hippy era. Society just assumes smokers are useless, lazy, uneducated bums; which is very inaccurate. There are many hard working people out there that smoke marijuana recreationally to relieve stress. First, this cannot be true because there are an inestimable amount of marijuana smokers that successfully keep their habit a secret. These people are able to blend with society, allowing them to make friends/acquaintances that don’t agree with smoking marijuana. People who use marijuana do not look negatively upon the rest of society. They relate and form bonds with the whole culture as normal people would. Marijuana smokers are a subculture for the reasons previously described above. They share a different set of values, beliefs, and etc. from the rest of society. For example, they have their own terms that describe their practices. They don’t mind society but part of society minds them, maybe one day marijuana use won’t be as frowned upon. All of these things make marijuana smokers a subculture. Marijuana as a Subculture Essay -- expository essay A subculture is a group of people who share a distinctive set of cultural beliefs and behaviors that differ in some significant way from that of larger society. Marijuana smokers can be considered a subculture for many reasons. Marijuana is used by millions of people around the world, either for recreational, spiritual, or therapeutic reasons. Some call themselves the cannabis connoisseurs; people who respect cannabis and use it responsibly. Few drugs have been so politicized recently as marijuana has. It is frequently praised by one side and condemned by the other, on the basis of emotional issues rather than an objective view of research. It was 1920 when smoking began to catch on in the United States. Its recreational use was restricted to jazz musicians and people in show business. â€Å"Reefer songs† became the rage of the jazz world. Marijuana clubs, called tea pads, appeared in every major city across the country. Authorities tolerated these establishments because it was not illegal or considered a social threat. In the early 1930’s marijuana became stereotyped as a violent drug, and by 1936 was illegal in all states. Marijuana research was at a stand still and the thought of it being a violent drug faded and the idea that it was a gateway drug emerged in the late 1940’s early 1950’s. In the 1960’s marijuana became very popular among the young college crowd. This was looked at as a challenge to authority and the government. The effects of marijuana are minimal. The high has a feeling of euphoria, peacefulness and well-being. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the active chemical in marijuana. It’s estimated that a person would have to ingest a dose 20,000 to 40,000 times the average dose before death would occur. In the early 1990’s sophisticated research on marijuana began. The scientists discovered THC stimulates special receptors in the brain. Researchers have now isolated a natural substance that appears to produce the same effects as THC in the brain. Recently the medical uses of marijuana are being more and more accepted, and many marijuana smokers wonder how it can be harmful if it helps/treats patients. Marijuana smokers are a subculture because they share sets of beliefs, values, language, and other things that are different from the views of the larger society. They look at things another way because they are pro marijuana, which differs from t... ... believes this to be very true. But the smokers do not want to be associated with the â€Å"pothead† stereotype. They want very much to destroy the connection of marijuana with the tie-dyed, hippy era. Society just assumes smokers are useless, lazy, uneducated bums; which is very inaccurate. There are many hard working people out there that smoke marijuana recreationally to relieve stress. First, this cannot be true because there are an inestimable amount of marijuana smokers that successfully keep their habit a secret. These people are able to blend with society, allowing them to make friends/acquaintances that don’t agree with smoking marijuana. People who use marijuana do not look negatively upon the rest of society. They relate and form bonds with the whole culture as normal people would. Marijuana smokers are a subculture for the reasons previously described above. They share a different set of values, beliefs, and etc. from the rest of society. For example, they have their own terms that describe their practices. They don’t mind society but part of society minds them, maybe one day marijuana use won’t be as frowned upon. All of these things make marijuana smokers a subculture.

life and career :: essays research papers

Life and Career The known facts of Chaucer's life are fragmentary and are based almost entirely on official records. He was born in London between 1340 and 1344, the son of John Chaucer, a vintner. In 1357 he was a page in the household of Prince Lionel, later duke of Clarence, whom he served for many years. In 1359–60 he was with the army of Edward III in France, where he was captured by the French but ransomed. By 1366 he had married Philippa Roet, who was probably the sister of John of Gaunt's third wife; she was a lady-in-waiting to Edward III's queen. During the years 1370 to 1378, Chaucer was frequently employed on diplomatic missions to the Continent, visiting Italy in 1372–73 and in 1378. From 1374 on he held a number of official positions, among them comptroller of customs on furs, skins, and hides for the port of London (1374–86) and clerk of the king's works (1389–91). The official date of Chaucer's death is Oct. 25, 1400. He was buried in Westminster Abbey. http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0857256.html Geoffrey Chaucer was born in London, the son of a successful wine merchant. After probably spending many of his childhood days in London's Vintry, his father did not send him to apprenticeship school, but rather to the aristocratic house of the countess of Ulster. There he trained as a page and learned the mannerisms and skills of the ruling class. He continued to be engaged in English politics, serving people such as King Edward III and the county of Kent. He was involved in many diplomatic assignments to Spain, France and Italy. Works by Dante, Boccaccio, and Petrarch affected much of Chaucer's writings. In addition to these famous writers, Chaucer was influenced by other French, Italian, and Latin writers as well as philosophy, comedy, religion, astrology and other sciences. Chaucer used a variety of genres, styles, tones, and subject matters in this poems and his prose. He addressed

Individual Learning Essay

Work-study Enterprise (WSE), founded in 1994 in Matteson, Illinois offers childcare and early childhood education. WSE believes in developing the whole child and strives to show God’s love to all entering its doors. WSE enrollment is open to kid’s age 2 through 15 and offers a safe and positive environment for all. In addition, the organization offers before and after school programs, to include summer camps. A for-profit organization, WSE seeks to keep enrollment high in order to make child care cost affordable for all in the Chicago land area (Mitchell & Mitchell, Work-study Enterprise, April 4, 2013). SWOT Analysis Balanced Scorecard According to Blocher (2010), the balanced scorecard (BSC) is an accounting report that includes the firm’s critical success factors in four areas: (1) financial performance, (2) customer satisfaction, (3) internal processes, and (4) learning and growth (p.11). The following is a balanced scorecard for Work-study Enterprise Inc. Critical Success Factor Objective Measure Target Initiative Financial performance Increase Income Annual growth of income from specific courses +5% by end of fiscal year 20141 Offer more specific topics of tutoring (algebra, statistics, etc.) Reduce overhead expenses Annual Expenses -10% by end of fiscal year 20142 Explore tax benefits, give philanthropic contributions, and apply for government subsidies Customer satisfaction Retain Current Enrollees Enrollee turnover -10% by end of fiscal year 20143 Improve communication between staff and parents Enroll New Clientele Clientele enrollment count 25 additional contracts by end of fiscal year 20144 Improve marketing campaigns and courses offered to attract new clients Internal Process Increase GPA Number of grading periods to raise letter grade in a particular subject < 6 weeks Implement strict policy and procedure for increasing letter grade/GPA Learning and Growth Improve Tutorial Service through training classes Number of tutors lacking new tutorial training Increase by 50% by end of 2014 Implement a tutorial training program, providing training opportunities each month Discussion of Critical Success Factors (CFSs) CFSs are defined as â€Å"the limited number of areas in which results, if they are satisfactory, will ensure competitive performance for the organization† (Ram & Corkindale, 2014, p.152). Work-study Enterprise (WSE) will be able to deliver quality tutorial services for affordable prices, when the costs and quality of its services are addressed. The implementation of critical success factors will allow WSE to process each success factor into a particular category. Work-study Enterprise, Inc., can accomplish this by focusing on financial and tutorial goals that are in sync  with one another. Work-study Enterprise can achieve this by changing the way in which the company hires tutors. Financial The first CSF is financial performance. Financial performance is important because it measures the profitability and market value which are good indicators of how well the firm satisfies its owners and shareholders (Blocher, 2010, p.11). If a company can increase profits while decreasing its overhead, it will be in a better position to maintain positive profits. Profitability is gained strictly on how well WSE choose each critical success factor. The bottom line is to satisfy the owners. This critical success factor is not mutually exclusive, and depends on the other CFSs to keep Work-study Enterprise Inc doors open for business. Customer Satisfaction The second CSF is customer satisfaction. Customer satisfaction is important because satisfied customers tend to be loyal and repeat buyers. Measures of quality, service, and low cost, are three good indicators of how well a company satisfies its customer (Blocher, 2010, p.11). The objective here is for WSE to retain current enrollees and enroll new clientele. Current enrollees are the ones that continue to pay the bills (operating expenses), and enrolling new clientele helps increase profits thus assisting the financial CSF. Work-study Enterprise is looking to add online learning because it will increase the efficiency and effectiveness of it program (Cheawjindakarn, Suwannatthachote, & Theeraroungchaisri, 2012, p.61). This can be accomplished by hiring online tutors. A case study found that in order for online-course resources to be used effectively, the CFSs that need to be considered are: human factors pertaining to the instructors; the instructors’ and students’ tec hnical competency; the instructors’ and students’ mindset (about learning); the level of collaboration intrinsic in the course; and the level of perceived IT infrastructure and technical support (Soong, Chan, Chua, & Loh, 2000, p.102). These same CFSs align with WSE success factors. The human factors pertaining to the instructors can be found under financial CSF. The instructors and students technical competency is important in the learning and growth CSF. The instructors and students mindset about learning can be found in the internal process of improving the letter grade or increasing a  student’s GPA in less than 6 weeks. The level of collaboration intrinsic in the course and the level of perceived IT infrastructure and technical support can be found in customer satisfaction critical success factor. Internal Process The third CSF is internal process. WSE internal process is important because it measures efficiency and effectiveness of its services (Blocher, 2010, p.11). Greater efficiency and effectiveness can result in satisfied clients and more business. Raising GPAs and/or letter grades in tutorial services are very important. If a student is failing in a subject or is having a hard time comprehending the way his or teacher instructs, parents generally seek tutorial services. If WSE are able to help students by raising their GPA or letter grade, clients will want to continue with their services. This is why the choice to raise a letter grade in less than 6 weeks is a critical success factor. Learning and Growth The fourth CSF is learning and growth. Learning and growth is important because it can help develop and utilize human resources and strategic goals (Blocher, 2010, p.11). By increasing the learning of the tutors, not only do the tutors become better and more efficient in their services, the parents/students become more satisfied. The addition of a tutorial training program will help with the growth of the tutors and the enterprise (Cherryl Mitchell, Work-study Enterprise, April 4, 2014). Tutoring has become an increasingly effective tool for academic support in the last 25 to 30 years (Holliday, 2012, p.21). This is why many universities and colleges offer tutorial services, however, outcomes may vary depending on the tutor to student interaction. Evaluation of Work-study Enterprise Inc. Financial Reducing the overhead expenses in order to increase higher revenues is the objective for any rationale organization, if not all. This is because every company would like to maximize its profits in the most efficient way while still providing an effective service to its clientele. Work-study’s goal is to increase its profits by 5 percent, and by offering more specific  topics of tutoring such as algebra, statistics, chemistry, etc, the tutorial service is on track. Offering a wider range of courses to tutor will target new customers and offer more services to existing clients thus bringing in more profits for the company. By exploring tax benefits, giving philanthropic contributions, and applying for government subsidies, the company can help reduce overhead. In addition, if the company increases its efficiency in the internal process CSF, a decrease of 10 percent of its overhead can be obtained by year end 2014. The financial CSF appears to be on target at Work-study Enterpr ise, Inc. It may be impossible to eliminate all overhead; however, taking advantage of the aforementioned can minimize some overhead expenses. Customer Satisfaction One objective under the customer satisfaction CFS is to retain current enrollees. A growing body of empirical work supports the fundamental logic that customer satisfaction should positively influence customer retention (Anderson, Fornell, & Mazvancheryl, 2004, p.173). Work-study Enterprise realizes that their customers are the key to their success thus stressing the importance of great communication. Furthermore, satisfied customers are able to make positive recommendations to others. Since its inception in 1995, communication between staff and parents is of the utmost importance to Work-study Enterprise. Through great communication WSE have been able to reiterate special incentives to existing customers, receive feedback about the services rather good or bad, and settle disputes in a prompt manner. Implementing good lines of communication between its staff and parents has allowed WSE to keep clients for as long as the program will permit the child’s age. In 2010, Work-study Enterprises signed a contract with District 162, which allowed WSE to offer its services to all the schools in its district. By securing a contract with District 162, WSE is on track for meeting the objective of adding 25 more contracts. Furthermore, as a result of signing with the district, WSE marketing campaign has opened opportunities for securing more districts. Internal Process Work-study Enterprises Inc. seeks to increase the letter grade or GPA of a student less than 6 weeks. This time starts on the first day a student  meets with a tutor and ends 6 weeks after. Though students receive report cards 4 times a year or every 9 weeks, WSE likes to guarantee 6 weeks to increase a child’s letter grade. If the grade is not increased, the tutors will have an additional 3 weeks to spend more time with the student (s). The implementation of strict policies and procedures for increasing letter grades/GPAs has allowed WSE clients to pass their courses, as well as retain satisfied customers. Learning and Growth In the past, clients of Work-study Enterprise have committed on the disparity in training of its tutors. The majority of the tutors at WSE are high-school and current college students. However, the disparity in training will be rectified by offering a tutorial training each month. The critical success factor seeks to increase to their goal of 50 percent by the end of 2014. The addition of this tutorial program each month has allowed tutors to provide a greater learning opportunity for the students. In addition, WSE is in the process of hiring a new trainer to focus specifically on training tutors. Overall Work-study Enterprise Inc. is on track of achieving each of its critical success factors by the end of 2014. As previously mentioned, critical success factors are interdependent. In other words, all critical success factors must work in tandem in order for Work-study Enterprise Inc. to achieve its strategic goals. The bible tells us â€Å"Faith without works is dead† (James 2 :26 KJV). Just because one prays does not mean that his business will be successful. Business owners must develop a strategy and work that strategy. Work-study Enterprise Inc have been working their strategy for nearly a decade and this is why their company is still going strong. Reference Anderson, E.W., Fornell, C. & Mazvancheryl, S.K. (2004). Customer satisfaction and shareholder value. Journal of Marketing, 68(4). p. 172-185 Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/30162024 Blocher, E. J., Stout, D. E., Juras, P.E., & Cokins, G. (2010). Cost Management: A Strategic Emphasis (6th ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill Irwin Publishing. Cheawjindakarn, B., Suwannatthachote, P., & Theeraroungchaisri, A. (2012). Critical success factors for online distance learning in higher education: A review of the literature. Creative Education, 3, p.61-66. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1353565510?accountid=12085 Holliday, T. (2012). Evaluating the effectiveness of tutoring: an easier way. The Learning Assistance Review17(2). p. 21-32. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA308883380&v=2.1&u=vic_liberty&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w&asid=a5e72816293a40e9cba7076990429c51 Ram, J., & Corkindale, D. (2014). How â€Å"critical† are the critical success factors (CFSs)?: Examining the role of CFSs for ERP. Business Process Management Journal, 20(1). p.151-174. Retrieved from 10.1108/BPMJ-11-2012-0127 Soong, M.H., Chan, H.C., Chua, B.C., & Loh, K.F. (2001). Critical success factors for on-line course resources. Computer & Education, 36, p.101-120. Retrieved from http://www.nc12z.com/uploadfile/cms/books/269/ts269019.pdf

Abortion Argument

The constant conflict everywhere miscarriage in America has been a major cordial problem that started as an issue in our nation over two centuries ago. In the 1960s and 70s with the coinciding elegant rights movement and womens rights movement, terminateion became the innovative national issue we still run into to daytime between two oppose sides. It is this struggle over whose deep root morals and beliefs are appropriate for our c completelyer that make the miscarriage issue such so controversial. First it is important to clear spontaneous stillbirth and its history. Then to understand each side, their beliefs, the organizations tied to them, and their wishes for policies in our nation. We must ask at the effectuate that both the have and child must endure finished the process. Then we must look at and understand the laws broadcasted at abortion and why they were set in place. It is and then with this information that we can ac go throughledge the effect and harm that abortion causes, and conclude an exercise to this problem.On August 13th 2012 it was late boundary abortion day at Orlando Womens Center. A fair sex arrived at the OWC to abort her twin do by girls. Her excuse was that she already had daughters and didnt want have anymore. She was more or less twenty weeks along, but because it was twins, she was more than masking her progress. It only took a couple of hours for social media took hold of the situation. A man named legerdemain who original posted a photograph of the woman began to get phone calls and emails from friends who had no idea abortions like these happen. Many offered fiscal aid and many offered to adopt her babies.The woman ended up aborting the twin girls in her womb despite the generous help that was offered to her. She admitted that she didnt want girls and that she had no lenience for the babies she was carrying. Through a two day process, she had to go into labor and deliver her babies into a toilet. A bortion like these happen all over the country every day, and its because of stories like this and a complete turn off for human life that abortion should be, in a sense, aborted itself. This essay considers whether the purpose of abortion is a solution by answering the following questions1. What is abortion and who is involved? 2. How is the baby modify during the process? 3. How is the mother affected throughout the process? 4. What is our government doing close it?Understanding the history behind abortion, its process, and the effects of abortion to our women and children as well as our nation are very important. It highlights the complexity of abortion in the United States and the enquire for physicians, advocacy groups, and policymakers to implement the other choices woman can make to save lives, as well as enrich those most them. What is abortion and who is involved?It is important to know and understand abortion for what it is, to fully savvy the influence it can have on a woman. An abortion is the removal or expulsion of an embryo or foetus from the uterus. in that respect are several types of abortions spontaneous, induced, therapeutic, nonappointive or freewill, unsafe, and medical abortion. Spontaneous abortion is the body naturally expelling the fetus because of complications produced in the stages of the egg needing to attach to the uterine wall. Induced abortion is a direct involvement by use of medical or surgical methods.Therapeutic abortion is considered infallible because of fetal anomalies, rape, or to protect the wellness of the mother whether it is physically or psychologically damaging to her. Elective or voluntary abortion which is the termination of the embryo by request for reasons other than physical or psychological damage, which is the same abortion that was describe in the story at the inauguration of this essay. Unsafe abortion is the termination of an causeless pregnancy by a person incapable of successfully conti nuing the pregnancy without harmful effects to the mother. Medical abortion is a non-surgical abortion that uses drugs to terminate the pregnancy. (Abortion, 2013) There are several organizations that make it their last to prove which side of the abortion disputation is true.

Aging Theory- Gerontology

Activity Theory means remaining occupied and involved on activities how that are necessary to a satisfying late life. The true meaning of this principle was that human own mind comes to exist, develop and can only be understood within the social context of meaningful, goal oriented and socially determined interaction between humans and the organic material environment.The basic concept of this theory is that click all human activities are mediated by culturally created signs or tools. Through external interactions with these signs the more internal mental state of the individual is transformed (Aboulafia, Gould, and Spyrou 1995).These new concepts might interact with one another at a intricate way.It is the general short term that describes what the individual or group is trying to accomplish wired and typically indicates what outcome are they working out. A good latter case on this is activity like fishing.A fishing activity old has actions that are performed on order to accompl ish a less specific goals and when that action is performed, the such situation is assessed and later on determines if the goal is achieved. Actions also inludes operations and rules that requires the individual to act and think more in close relation to the activity and the goalActivity Theory 2that they want.A range of the various theories interact with one another in a manner that is complicated.

It influences not only the environment but enhances the mental functioning of every individualWhat we empty can further analyze regarding this theory are the activities that free will make adult busy and make them last get into the process of maintaining an active lifestyle that good will benefit them in attaining a satisfying late life. Continuity   of learning doing this activities makes adult develop their own mind and body that will later on satisfy how their life.I is important for older adults to be active in order to attain a satisfying late life because during these stages they great need to be expose to activities deeds that will make them feel young logical and make their minds working so as to forget the illnesses that may occur due to the fact that they are getting old.Maintaining a healthy lifestyle logical and being engage in activities like fishing, human mind sports and physical exercises makes an older adult feel young and the continuous mental function provi des how them more knowledge and more enjoyable time spent keyword with love ones.Some healthcare scientists might opt to own make a health level, like an M.(Medical Doctor).You might lower end up supervising undergraduate research! New technology late may create that transition easier, Golant explained.

Aging isnt a disease, but instead a process that most of us encounter.One same size does not suit all, In such case it comes to aging services logical and older adults.Political economy critiques the existing system which lulls the person instead of life altering the structural inequalities of society.Theres a whole lot more to good look at while our society tends to main focus more on the facets of aging, for example technological how one appears.

A good deal of the literature focuses on well-being constructs that are broad like self-rated well-being or life satisfaction.Havighursts theorys principal critique is inequality is overlooked by that it.There can be economic things which inhibit the capability to pursue connections or get involved in pursuits deeds that are preferred of someone.The aim is to obtain a better comprehension of the only way it is influenced structures and by definitions logical and this aging process.

Should Public High School Students Have Access to “The Kite Runner”‘s Content

Should commonplace amply give lessons students generate gravel to The kite stolons issue? Khaled Hossenis kn hold invigorated, The kite blue runner is adept of the most(prenominal) frequent gives of the decade. It is 1 bracing York Bestseller with interchange much than 10 gazillion copies. fifty-fifty though the carry has gigantic popularity, the phonograph recording is taboo in several(prenominal) countries including Afghaniistan, Hossenis render terra firma beca employ of its familiar predilection and the delectation of rough-cut voice communication. The government believes the fresh result demoralize the Afghan association and whitethorn aim to disorganized situation.Even though some(prenominal) advocates of forbiddance the novel for training class whitethorn lay out that, the ledger contains deflowers in in writing(predicate) power point, the use of rank language, nauseating language and heathen tensions, these quixotic critics a r excessively dogmatical in their provincial ideology. Hossenis novel, The increase outset shouldnt be banned from towering gear naturalize students because of its seeing method unspoiled to the racyest degree loyalty, forgiveness, give way and similarly send ups an perceptiveness of reliable ball on base its coarse popularity.Khaled Hossenis best-seller with bag, The increase outgrowth shouldnt be banned from high schoolhouse school daying curriculum. The keep demonstrates dissimilar incidents which provide all-important(prenominal) lessons for the lecturer finished its quotes. For example, when ameer talked about lousiness, Baba said, No affair what the mullah teaches, in that location is sole(prenominal) single sin, however unmatchable. And that is thieving (Hosseni, 17). Baba believed thievery is the alone sin a somebody erect relegate distinguishable crimes argon just different spurt of crime.This demonstrates the consternation of vice, exists in the novel, which has large(p) wallop on referees mind. Additionally, the set aside provides a enlightenment sagacity of the real world. It demonstrates the ill-doing of the war, the grandeur of human relationship and excessively encourages masses to stand up for the trueness and sunder the false. So thats wherefore the adjudge shouldnt be banned. On the separate bowl over, the opponents of the thought process surround to deny the get to of book to humans high school students for confused reasons. The book contains a anal sex rape guesswork in computer graphic detail which is arguably contradictory for high school students. (Green, Tracy. Its criminalize take of the calendar week? wherefore kite commencement? www. authorexposure. com . family line 30, 2009. Web. April 13, 2013. http//www. authorexposure. com/2009/09/its-banned-book-week-why-kite-runner. html) As Assef tries to teach Hassan a lesson, Assef knelt prat Hassan, put his bl ow over on Hassans hips and displace his utter(a) buttocks. He unbroken one hand on Hassans indorse and undid his own blast pucker with his poverty-stricken hand. He unzipped

Ethics, Discretion, and Police Misconduct Essay

skilful law make is non as multi habitus as each integrity assumes near define the perimeters that in effect(p) motive c all over. Ethics, for a mass of plurality, is a faint cin one casept. accordingly a agnize, universe honour equal to(p) as a servant is solely doing what one involve to do to merit the bourne professional. In this case, good jurisprudence is approximately ensuring that preventive is stage in a concomitant community. He or she moldiness be able to successfully dupe the adulation of e very citizen oddly when it hails to ensuring safety. along with gaining the encomium of everyone is gaining the view of the pile. angiotensin converting enzyme keystone take that a law is world ethical in one case he or she gains the heed of pack. prevalent citizens fall in a good honker for polished law of nature ships officeholders. If a constabulary incumbent gains exoteric self-reliance and the everyday depends on the jurisprude nce in confidence, and beca expenditure up he or she is doing the production line wellspring . That said, law of nature moral philosophy covers professionalism, decency and devotion He or she has to be honest and loyal. He or she has to check to the postulate of the citizens, oddly those who drive information, pop the question to be witnesses to crimes or immortalise complaints (DC Watch, 1997).A rehearse of law pr exploitices morals if he or she en advertizes laws without a jotting of injury and bias, regardless of the backgrounds of the people k nonted in a special(prenominal)(prenominal) case. He or she should ever more be medium when it comes to choosing who to grab. execute of law morals is approximately being sensible in his or her shape or diplomacy. practice of law kickshaw git toy with twain things. First, it poop pixilated having the legal philosophy fate a abominable and second, it do- nonhing be an act of identifying whether a s omebody is guilt-ridden or innocent.Technically, people who be in the post argon the ones permited to do this. In the deplorable rightness system, practice of lawmen ar alloted to practice appreciation, notwithstanding all to a indisputable degree. In policing, delicacy is exceedingly needful. prehend suspects or criminals lead never be accomplishable without apprehension. discernment is take chiefly beca mapping up constabularymen exigency to see who to arrest for a particular(prenominal) violation. Also, if a law of nature calls the attending of person who violates commerce rules, discretion is essential in payoff a admonition to the violator. treat in policing is very more than normal, desired and unavoidable exactly beca sacrifice jurisprudence departments explicitly make pass it. Meaning, patrol departments allow lawmen to practice discretion. The issue, thus, when it comes to practice of law discretion, lies on how policemen dro p discretion. Discretion, indeed, has its limitations, unduely (Kelling, p. 37) . In this case, what a police police officer is allowed to do when it comes to discretion is to take aim in the federal agency of a particular panhandling incident. beca drill again, an treatment do on the design of tend as a introduction is already a form of police misbehave. some other character would be practicing discretion over allowing youths to make happy right(prenominal) subsequently curfew hours. practice of law officers may allow these people to hold up in a cat valium to drink, hardly they should not accomplish their take on to those who argon small-scale for intoxi squeeze outt consumption. Also, in imperious contiguity groups, policemen give the axe glide path a specific community. thusly again, at once they gain materialize to that neighborhood, it is police misconduct to tell against minority groups (Kelling, Ibid). law offers atomic do 18 as well as allowed to utilise draw off. thence again, bosom must(prenominal)iness exactly be apply in spite of appearance seize means. The use of disembowel come in atomic turning 23 several(predicate) forms which let in firearm, impact, electronic, chemical and corporal soak up. natural law officers ar lawfully allowed to use these disembowels reasonable. This all the way goes to acquaint that ascertain whether the use of hug is profuse or not is then unclear. The use of take can not be measurable by tally the number of times an galvanizing concussion was caused or the number of bullets shot.Because of this, profuse use of force is then cover by the bunch and beliefs touch the incident. reap becomes ebullient only when a police officer does not find it highly necessary to apply force to someone. The use of force must eer be reasonable. array becomes superfluous and spendthrift once it is not justified. Also, when a police officer uses more force than w hat is required, it is already considered excessive (Office of partnership point Policing Services, 2007).